View source for Jugsnorsk

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|name=Jugsnorsk
|nativename=Ygranorska
|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]]</br>[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]
|script1=Runr
|script2=Latn
|script3=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|familycolor=Indo-European
|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|date=2018
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|notice=IPA
}}

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.

==History==
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===

===Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)===
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Starting around 1880, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively, these suffixes were used so often that they developed into new forms of the noun.

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | 
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Velar
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| 
| n
| 
|-
! rowspan=3 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| 
| t
| k
|-
! Voiced
| b
| 
| d
| g
|-
! Aspirated
| pʰ
| 
| tʰ
| kʰ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| θ
| s
| x
|-
! Voiced
| 
| ð
| 
| 
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| ʋ
| 
| r², l
| j
|-
|}

#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Stressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 | 
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
! High
| i
| ɪi̯
| iː
| y
| ʏy̯
| yː
| u
| ʊu̯
| uː
|-
! Mid
| e
| e̞i̯
| eː
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| øː
| o
| o̞u̯
| oː
|-
! Low
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| a
| ɐu̯
| aː
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Unstressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 | 
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
! High
| ɪ
| i
| iː
| ʏ
| y
| yː
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
! Mid
| ɛ
| e
| eː
| œ
| ø
| øː
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
! Low
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ɐ
| a
| aː
|-
|}

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.

==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | 
|-
! Letter
! IPA
|-
| A a
| ɐ
|-
| Á á
| ɐu
|-
| B b
| b
|-
| D d
| d
|-
| E e
| e̞
|-
| É é
| e̞i
|-
| F f
| f
|-
| G g
| ɡ
|-
| H h
| x
|-
| I i
| i
|-
| Í í
| ɪi
|-
| J j
| j
|-
| K k
| k
|-
| L l
| l
|-
| M m
| m
|-
| N n
| n
|-
| O o
| o̞
|-
| Ó ó
| o̞u
|-
| P p
| p
|-
| R r
| r
|-
| S s
| s
|-
| T t
| t
|-
| U u
| ʊ
|-
| Ú ú
| ʊu
|-
| V v
| ʋ
|-
| Y y
| ʏ
|-
| Ý ý
| ʏy
|-
| (Z z)
| tʰ
|-
| Ø ø
| ø̞
|-
| Ǿ ǿ
| ø̞y
|-
| Þ þ
| θ
|-
| Ð ð
| ð
|}

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
:Long s is still used
:Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)

==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:
:U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
:I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
:A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Some words exhibit both u-umlaut ''and'' i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse ''gøra''.
===Nouns===
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}}


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}}

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}}


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}}

======Feminine patterns======
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines.

feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=nose}}

=====Neuter patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=ice land; (def. sg.) Iceland|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}

===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

An example of this is the verb "lýga".
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}}

=====Class 1=====

=====Class 2=====
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=gát-tj|type=5|get-|1s=gez-|gát-|2t=gáz-|2s=gáz-}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====



====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}}

This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav-}}

====Suppletive verbs====
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula.
{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=véja|m=|véj-|éj-|vé-|é-}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿj-|éj-|ǿ-|é-}}
|}

==Syntax==
Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi sútīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''sútīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]] 
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
'''Original (OEN)''':
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

'''Jugsnorsk''':
:ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

'''English''':
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

===UDHR Article 1===
'''Original (English)''':
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

'''Jugsnorsk''':
:ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
:[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]
#"virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

'''Literal translation''':
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
! Rank
! Meaning
! Old West Norse
! Old East Norse
! Jugsnorsk
! Icelandic
! Swedish
|-
|1||fire
| eldr
| eldʀ
| ǿdj
| eldur
| eld
|-
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nos
| nös
| nos, näsa
|-
|3||to go
| ganga
| ganga
| gagga
| ganga
| gånga
|-
|4||water
| vatn
| watn
| vatn, ǫtn
| vatn
| vatten
|-
|5||mouth
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) mūðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
|-
|6||tongue
| tunga
| tunga
| tugga
| tunga
| tunga
|-
|7||blood
| blóð
| blōþ
| blóð
| blóð
| blod
|-
|8||bone
| bein
| bēn
| bḗ
| bein
| ben
|-
|9||2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| þū
| þú
| þú
| du
|-
|10||root
|
| 
|
|
|-
|11||to come (move)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|12||breast
|
| 
|
|
|-
|13||rain
|
| 
|
|
|-
|14||1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| iak
| ęk
| ég
| jag
|-
|15||name
|
| 
|
|
|-
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|
| 
|
|
|-
|17||wing
|
| 
|
|
|-
|18||flesh/meat
|
| 
|
|
|-
|19||arm/hand
|
| 
|
|
|-
|20||fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|
| 
|
|
|-
|21||night (time)
| nátt
| nāt
| nát
| nátt
| natt
|-
|22||ear
|
| 
|
|
|-
|23||neck
|
| 
|
|
|-
|24||far (prep.)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|25||to do/make
|
| 
|
|
|-
|26||house/structure
|
| 
|
|
|-
|27||stone/rock (singular)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|28||bitter
|
| 
|
|
|-
|29||to say
| tala
| tala
| spá¹
| tala
| tala
|-
|30||tooth
|
| 
|
|
|-
|31||hair
|
| 
|
|
|-
|32||big
|
| 
|
|
|-
|33||one (number)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|34||who?
|
| 
|
|
|-
|35||3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þet (n)
|
|
|-
|36||to hit/beat
|
| 
|
|
|-
|37||leg/foot
|
| 
|
|
|-
|38||horn
|
| 
|
|
|-
|39||this (pron.)
| sá
| sa
| sa
| sá
| det
|-
|40||fish
|
| 
|
|
|-
|41||yesterday
|
| 
|
|
|-
|42||to drink
|
| 
|
|
|-
|43||black (color)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|44||navel
|
| 
|
|
|-
|45||to stand
|
| 
|
|
|-
|46||to bite
|
| 
|
|
|-
|47||back (body)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|48||wind
|
| 
|
|
|-
|49||smoke (substance)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|50||what?
|
| 
|
|
|-
|51||child (kin term)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|52||egg
|
| 
|
|
|-
|53||to give
|
| 
|
|
|-
|54||new (adj.)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|55||to burn (intr.)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|56||not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi, ekki
| ej, icke
|-
|57||good
|
| 
|
|
|-
|58||to know
|
| 
|
|
|-
|59||knee
|
| 
|
|
|-
|60||sand
|
| 
|
|
|-
|61||to laugh
|
| 
|
|
|-
|62||to hear
|
| 
|
|
|-
|63||soil
|
| 
|
|
|-
|64||leaf
|
| 
|
|
|-
|65||red (color)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|66||liver (organ)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|67||to hide
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
|-
|69||to suck
|
| 
|
|
|-
|70||to carry
|
| 
|
|
|-
|71||ant ([[:w:Formidae|Formid]])
|
| 
|
|
|-
|72||heavy
|
| 
|
|
|-
|73||to take
|
| 
|
|
|-
|74||old
|
| 
|
|
|-
|75||to eat
|
| 
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|76||thigh
|
| 
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|77||thick
|
| 
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|78||long (spacially)
|
| 
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|79||to blow
|
| 
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|80||wood
|
| 
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|81||to run
|
| 
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|82||to fall
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| 
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|83||eye (body-part)
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| 
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|84||ash
|
| 
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|85||tail
|
| 
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|86||dog
|
| 
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|87||to cry/weep
|
| 
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|88||to tie
|
| 
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|89||to see
|
| 
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|90||sweet
|
| 
|
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|91||rope
|
| 
|
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|-
|92||shade/shadow
|
| 
|
|
|-
|93||bird
| fugl, fogl
| fogl
| foglj
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
|-
|94||salt
|
| 
|
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|95||small
|
| 
|
|
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|96||wide
|
| 
|
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|97||star
|
| 
|
|
|-
|98||in
| í
| í
| í
| í
| i
|-
|99||hard (materially)
|
| 
|
|
|-
|100||to crush/grind
|
| 
|
|
|-
|}

#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".