View source for Latino sine flexione

{{short description|Latin-based international auxiliary language}}
{{distinguish|Interlingua|Interlingue}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Latino sine flexione; Interlingua (IL);<ref name="Peano" /> IL de [[Academia pro Interlingua|A.p.I.]]
|image=Interlingua_sign_1911.jpg
|imagecaption=Interlingua sign in 1911
|creator=[[Academia pro Interlingua]] under chairmanship of [[Giuseppe Peano]]
|created= 1887–1914<ref>''Grammatico'' section of the ''Vocabulario Commune'', 1915 {{URL|https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/-1915-vocabulario-pre#grammatica}}</ref>
|setting=[[International auxiliary language]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]], [[International auxiliary language|Auxiliary language]]
| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]], [[A posteriori language]]
| script = [[Latin alphabet]]&nbsp;<!--&nbsp; needed to prevent default link to Latin script-->
| fam4 =  [[Latin]], [[Controlled language]]
| ancestor = [[New Latin language|Neo Latin]]
|posteriori=Completely based on [[Latin]], but influenced by ideas in other [[International auxiliary language|auxiliary languages]]
|agency=[[Academia pro Interlingua]] (-1945), works by Peano and ApI (eg Discussiones 1909-1915)
|ietf=la-peano
|iso3=none
|glotto=none
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Latino sine flexione''' ("[[Latin]] without [[inflection]]s"), '''Interlingua de Academia pro Interlingua (IL de ApI)''' or '''Peano's Interlingua''' (abbreviated as '''IL'''), is an [[international auxiliary language]] compiled by the [[Academia pro Interlingua]] under chairmanship of the Italian mathematician [[Giuseppe Peano]] (1858–1932) from 1887 until 1914. It is a simplified version of [[Latin]], and retains its [[vocabulary]]. Interlingua-IL was published in the journal ''Revue de Mathématiques'' in an article of 1903 entitled ''De Latino Sine Flexione, Lingua Auxiliare Internationale'' (meaning ''Latin Without Inflection, International Auxiliary Language''),<ref>Peano, Giuseppe (1903). ''De Latino Sine Flexione. Lingua Auxiliare Internationale'' [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35803/35803-h/35803-h.htm], ''Revista de Mathematica'' (''Revue de Mathématiques''), Tomo VIII, pp. 74-83. Fratres Bocca Editores: Torino.</ref> which explained the reason for its creation. The article argued that other auxiliary languages were unnecessary, since Latin was already established as the world's international language. The article was written in classical Latin, but it gradually dropped its [[inflection]]s until there were none.

Language codes [[ISO 639]]: [[ISO 639-2]] and -1 were requested on 23 July 2017 at Library of Congress (proposed: ''IL'' and ''ILA''); [[ISO-639-3]] was requested on 10 August 2017 at SIL (proposed: ''ILA'') and was rejected on 23th of January, 2018<ref>https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2017-022</ref>
==History==
In 1903 Peano published the article ''De Latino Sine Flexione'' to introduce his language, by quoting a series of suggestions by [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] about a simplified form of Latin.<ref>[[Louis Couturat|Couturat, Louis]] (1901). ''La Logique de Leibniz''. Paris.</ref><ref>Couturat, Louis (1903). ''Opuscules et fragments inédits de Leibniz''. Paris.</ref> Peano's article appeared to be a serious development of the idea, so he gained a reputation among the movement for the auxiliary language.
In 1904 Peano undertook an essay about the way to obtain the minimal grammar of an eventual minimal Latin (''Latino minimo''), with a minimal vocabulary purely international.<ref name="vocabulario">Peano, Giuseppe (1904). ''Vocabulario de Latino internationale comparato cum Anglo, Franco, Germano, Hispano, Italo, Russo, Græco et Sanscrito'' [https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/vocabulario-1904]. Torino.</ref>

Peano and some colleagues published articles in Latino sine flexione for several years at the ''Revue de Mathématiques''.  Because of his desire to prove that this was indeed an international language, Peano boldly published the final edition of his famous [[Formulario mathematico]] in Latino sine flexione. However, as Hubert Kennedy notes, most mathematicians were put off by the artificial appearance of the language, and made no attempt to read it.<ref name="HKennedy">Kennedy, Hubert (2006). ''Peano. Life and Works of Giuseppe Peano''. Concord, CA: Peremptory Publications: p. 169 (''a''), p. 185 (''b'').</ref>

In October 1907, Peano was at the [[Collège de France]] in [[Paris]] to take part in the [[Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language]]. Having declared for Latino sine flexione to be adopted, he eventually could not participate in the final voting, because of labour affairs at Turin.<ref>Academia pro Interlingua (Nov. 1909). Délégation pour l’Adoption d’une Langue Auxiliaire Internationale [https://sites.google.com/site/academiaprointerlingua190913/home#1909:37]. Discussiones (2): p. 37-9.</ref>

On 26 December 1908, Peano was elected member and director of the ''Akademi internasional de lingu universal'' still using [[Idiom Neutral]], which was refounded one year later under the name [[Academia pro Interlingua]]. Every academician might use their favourite form of Interlingua, the term being initially used in a general sense as a synonym for international language, yet it soon began to be specially used to denote a reformed Latino sine flexione based on the common rules the academicians were reaching by frequent votings. Thus, the name Interlingua soon began to denote the language evolving from the Academia Pro Interlingua,<ref name="HKennedy" /> with the corresponding abbreviation ''IL''.

However, every member was free to write in their own personal style, and indeed some members were proposing radical reforms which eventually might end up as independent languages (like Michaux's Romanal or De Wahl's [[Interlingue]]). For this reason, the name ''Peano’s Interlingua'' or ''Interlingua (IL)''<ref name="HKennedy" /> might be regarded as the most accurate for the particular standard by Peano. (As found in “Interglossa and its predecessors”.<ref name="Hogben">Hogben, Lancelot (1943). ''Interglossa. A draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order, being an attempt to apply semantic principles to language design''. [https://sites.google.com/site/interglossa1943/contents] Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Eng. / New York:  Penguin Books: p. 10-11. OCLC 1265553.</ref>)

The discussions to reach a standard Interlingua may be seen on the pages of ''Discussiones'', the official journal of the Academia pro Interlingua from 1909 to 1913. This and subsequent journals of the academy have been recently published in a CD-Rom by the mathematics department of the university of [[Turin]],<ref>Silvia Roero, Clara (coord.) (2003). ''Le Riviste di Giuseppe Peano'' {{cite web|url=http://www.dm.unito.it/collanacdrom/index.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063830/http://www.dm.unito.it/collanacdrom/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-22 }} (CD-Rom N. 4). Dipartimento di Matematica dell’ Università di Torino.</ref> the place where Peano developed his teaching and research.

Since ''De Latino Sine Flexione'' had set the principle to take Latin nouns either in the ablative or nominative form (''nomen'' was preferred to ''nomine''), in 1909 Peano published a vocabulary in order to assist in selecting the proper form of every noun,<ref>Peano, Giuseppe (1909). ''Vocabulario Commune ad linguas de Europa'' [https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/vocabulario-1909]. Cavoretto - Torino.</ref> yet an essential value of Peano's Interlingua was that the lexicon might be found straightforward in any Latin dictionary (by getting the thematic vowel of the [[word stem|stem]] from the genitive ending, that is: ''-a -o -e -u -e'' from ''-ae -i -is -us -ei'').
Finally, a large vocabulary with 14 000 words was published in 1915.<ref name="Peano">Peano, Giuseppe (1915). ''Vocabulario Commune ad Latino-Italiano-Français-English-Deutsch pro usu de interlinguistas'' [https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/vocabulario-1915]. Cavoretto - Torino.</ref>

A reformed [[Interlingua]] was presented in 1951 by [[Alexander Gode]] as the last director of the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]]. It was claimed to be independent from Peano's Interlingua, because it had developed a new method to detect the ''most recent common prototypes''. But that method usually leads to the Latin ablative, so most vocabulary of Peano's Interlingua would be kept. Accordingly, the very name ''Interlingua'' was kept, yet a distinct abbreviation was adopted: ''IA'' instead of ''IL''.

==Alphabet and pronunciation==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"
|+ Interlingua alphabet and digraphs, with typical pronunciations
|-
! [[Upper case]] 
| [[A]]||[[Ae (digraph)|Ae]]||[[B]]||[[C]]||[[Ch (digraph)|Ch]]||[[D]]||[[E]]||[[F]]||[[G]]||[[H]]||[[I]]||[[J]]||[[K]]||[[L]]||[[M]]||[[N]]||[[O]]||[[Oe (digraph)|Oe]]||[[P]]||[[Ph (digraph)|Ph]]||[[Q]]u||[[R]]||[[Rh (digraph)|Rh]]||[[S]]||[[T]]||[[Th (digraph)|Th]]||[[U]]||[[V]]||[[W]]||[[X]]||[[Y]]||[[Z]]
|-
! [[Lower case]]
| a||ae||b||c||ch||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||oe||p||ph||qu||r||rh||s||t||th||u||v||w||x||y||z
|-
! {{nowrap|Distinct pronunciations ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|a}}
|{{IPAlink|ai̯}}
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|b}}, {{IPAlink|p}}}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|d}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|e}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|f}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|i}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|j}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|k}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|l}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|m}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|n}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|o}}
|{{IPAlink|oi̯}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|kʷ}}
|colspan=2 rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|r}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|s}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|u}}
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|rowspan=2|ks
|{{IPAlink|y}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|z}}
|-
! Merged pronunciations
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
| -
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|p}}, {{IPAlink|f}}}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|}

According to Peano's guide to the language in 1931, "most Interlinguists are in favour of the old Latin pronunciation." This gives the pronunciation of vowels as follows:
* a—as in f'''a'''ther – {{IPA|[a]}}
* e—as in th'''e'''y – {{IPA|[e]}}
* i—as in f'''ee'''t – {{IPA|[i]}}
* o—as in t'''o'''ne – {{IPA|[o]}}
* u—as in r'''u'''le – {{IPA|[u]}}
* y—as French '''u''' – {{IPA|[y]}}
* j—as in '''y'''es – {{IPA|[j]}}
* ae—as in '''eye''' – {{IPA|[ai̯]}}
* oe—as in b'''oy''' – {{IPA|[oi̯]}}

Consonants are pronounced largely as in English, with the following clarifications:
* b—like English b, but like p if followed by s or t – {{IPA|[b, p]}}
* g—like g in '''g'''o, '''g'''et – {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
* h—silent in rh otherwise like English h – {{IPA|[h]}}
* qu—as qu in '''qu'''arrel – {{IPA|[kʷ]}}
* r—as in co'''rr'''{{not a typo|ect}} (trilled) – {{IPA|[r]}}
* v—like English w. – {{IPA|[w]}}
* x—as ks. – {{IPA|[ks]}}
* ch, ph, th—as c, p, t in '''c'''an, '''p'''an, '''t'''an – {{IPA|[kʰ, pʰ, tʰ]}}
* c—like k always, as in s'''c'''an, s'''c'''at – {{IPA|[k]}} (not aspirated)
* p—as in s'''p'''an
* t—as in s'''t'''and

Not all consonants and vowels are pronounced distinctively by all people. The following variant pronunciations are allowed:
* y as {{angle bracket|i}} 
* ae and oe as {{angle bracket|e}}
* h silent
* ch, ph, th as {{angle bracket|c, p, t}}
* ph as {{angle bracket|f}}
* v like English v, {{IPA|[v]}}
* w like English v

The [[stress (linguistics)|stress]] is based on the classical Latin rule:
* Words with two syllables have the stress on the [[penult]].
* Words with three or more syllables have the stress on the penult only if it is heavy (closed or had a long vowel in Classical Latin), otherwise on the [[antepenult]]<ref name="Peano" />  (p. xii).
A secondary accent may be placed when necessary as the speaker deems appropriate.

==Parts of speech==
Though Peano removed the inflections of Latin from [[noun]]s and [[adjective]]s, he did not entirely remove [[grammatical gender]], permitting the option of a [[feminine gender|feminine]] ending for [[wikt:occupation|occupations]]. The gender of animals is immutable. All forms of nouns end with a [[vowel]] and are taken from the [[ablative case]], but as this was not listed in most Latin dictionaries, he gave the rule for its derivation from the [[genitive case]]. The plural is not required when not necessary, such as when a number has been specified, the plural can be read from the context, and so on; however Peano gives the option of using the suffix -s to indicate it when needed. [[Verb]]s have few [[inflection]]s of conjugation; tenses and moods are instead indicated by verb adjuncts. The result is a change to a [[word order|positional language]].

===Particles===
Particles that have no inflection in classical Latin are used in their natural form:
* ''supra, infra, intra, extra''... (but ''superiore, inferiore, interiore, exteriore'' from ''superior, -oris'' and so on.)
* ''super, subter, inter, praeter, semper''... (but ''nostro, vestro, dextro…'' from ''noster, -tra, -trum'' and so on.)
* ''tres, quatuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem''... (but ''uno'' from ''unus, -a, -um''; ''duo'' from ''duo, -ae, -o''; ''nullo'' from ''nullus, -a, -um''; ''multo'' from ''multus, -a, -um'', etc.)

===Nouns===
The form of nouns depends on the Latin declensions.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Latin declension number (genitive ending)
| 1: -ae||2: -i||3: -is||4: -us||5: -ei
|-
! Latino ending
| -a||-o||-e||-u||-e
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" |Latin declension/nominative form
! scope="col" | Latin genitive
! scope="col" | Latino (Latin ablative)
! scope="col" | English
|-
| 1st: rosa
| ros'''ae'''||ros'''a'''||rose
|-
| 2nd: laurus
| laur'''i'''||laur'''o'''||laurel
|-
| 3rd: pax
| pac'''is'''||pac'''e'''||peace
|-
| 4th: casus
| cas'''us'''||cas'''u'''||case
|-
| 5th: series
| seri'''ei'''||seri'''e'''||series
|}

Those proper nouns written with the Roman alphabet are kept as close to the original as possible. The following are examples: München, New York, Roma, Giovanni.

===Pronouns<ref>Manuale Practico de Interlingua [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf]. Pronomines: p. 29.</ref>===
* Personal

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row" | Number
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
! scope="row" | 1st person
| me || nos
|-
! scope="row" | 2nd person
| te|| | vos
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd person
| illo (male), illa (female), id (neutral)||illos
|-
! scope="row" | Reflexive
| se || se
|}

* Demonstrative: ''illo'' (it, far), ''isto'' (it, near), ''ipso'' (itself); for conjunction: ''que'' (''me vide '''que''' illo es rapide'' = I see '''that''' it is fast)
* Possessive: ''meo'', ''tuo'', ''suo'', ''nostro'', ''vestro'', (''suo'')
* Relative and conjunctive: ''qui'' (who, that human), ''quod'' (which, that thing)
* Reflexive: ''se''
* Indefinitive: ''un'', ''uno'' (''One'' tells...), ''ullo'' (any), ''omne'' or ''omni'' (all, each, every), ''aliquo'' (anyone), ''nullo'' (nothing), ''nemo'' (noone)

===Verbs===
Verbs are formed from the Latin by dropping the final ''-re'' of the infinitive. [[Grammatical tense|Tense]], [[Grammatical mood|mood]], etc., are indicated by particles, auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, but none is required if the sense is clear from the context.  If needed, the past may be indicated by preceding the verb with ''e'', and the future with ''i''.

There are specific endings to create the [[infinitive]] and [[participle]]s:
* basic form: ama (loves)
* infinitive: ama'''re''' (to love)
* passive participle: ama'''to''' (loved)
* active participle: ama'''nte''' (loving)

====Collateral endings<ref>Manuale Practico de Interlingua [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf]. De verbo: p. 10-25.</ref>====
* imperfectum (past): ama'''ba''' (loved), lege'''ba''' (read)
* future: ama'''ra''' (will/shall love), lege'''ra''' (will/shall read)
* conditional: ama'''re''' (would love), lege'''re''' (would read)

The endings ''-ra'' and ''-re'' are stressed in future and conditional.

====Compound tenses<ref>Manuale Practico de Interlingua [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf]. De verbo: p. 10-25.</ref>====
Composite tenses can be expressed with auxiliary words:
* praeteritum: '''habe''' ama'''to''' (have loved)
* future: '''debe''' ama'''re''' / '''vol''' ama'''re''' / '''habe ad''' ama'''re''' (must love / will love / have to love)
* continuous tenses: me '''es''' scribe'''nte''' (I am writing)

===Adjectives and adverbs===
Adjectives are formed as follows:
* If the nominative neuter ends with -e, the Latino form is unchanged.
* If the nominative neuter ends with -um, the Latino form is changed to -o: novum > novo (new).
* In all other cases adjectives are formed with the ablative case from the genitive, as is the case with nouns.

Adjectives can be used as adverbs if the context is clear, or ''cum mente'' or ''in modo'' can be used:
* Diligente (diligent): ''Cum mente diligente'', ''cum diligente mente'', ''in modo diligente'', ''in diligente modo'' = diligently.

====Comparative and superlative<ref>Manuale Practico de Interlingua [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf]. Comparatione: p. 28.</ref>====
* Positive: ''illo es tam habile quam te'' (it is as handy as you)
* Comparative: ''illo es magis habilis quam te'' or ''illo es plus habilis quam te'' (it is handier than you) and ''illo es minus habilis quam te'' (it is less handier than you)
* Superlative: ''maxim de...'' and ''minim de...''

====Irregularities<ref>Manuale Practico de Interlingua [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf]. Comparatione: p. 29.</ref>====

* bono – meliore – optimo
* malo – pejore – pessimo
* magno – majore – maximo
* parvo – minore – minimo

===Articles===
As with Latin, neither the definite nor the indefinite article exists in Latino sine flexione. When necessary they may be translated with pronouns or words such as ''illo'' (it, that) or ''uno'' (one):
* da ad me libro = give me (the) book
* da ad me hoc libro = give me this book
* da ad me illo libro = give me that book
* da ad me uno libro = give me a book
* da ad me illo meo libro = give me that book of mine
* da ad me uno meo libro = give me a book of mine

===Numerals<ref>Manuale Practico de Interlingua [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf]. Numeratione: p. 30-31.</ref>===

* Cardinals: 1 ''uno'', 2 ''duo'', 3 ''tres'', 4 ''quatuor'', 5 ''quinque'' 6 ''sex'', 7 ''septem'', 8 ''octo'', 9 ''novem'', 10 ''decem'', 20 ''viginti'', 30 ''triginta'', 40 ''quadraginta'', 50 ''quinquaginta'', 60 ''sexaginta'', 70 ''septuaginta'', 80 ''octoginta'', 90 ''nonaginta'', 100 ''centum'', 1,000 ''mille'', 1,000,000 ''millione''
* Cardinals (cont.): 11 ''decem-uno'', 12 ''decem-duo'', 19 ''decem-novem'', 21 ''viginti-uno'', 101 ''centum (et) uno'', 102 ''centum (et) duo'', 200 ''duo cento'', 300 ''tres cento''
* Ordinals: 1° ''primo'', 2° ''secundo'', 3° ''tertio'', 4° ''quarto'', 5° ''quinto'', 6° ''sexto'', 7° ''septimo'', 8° ''octavo'', 9° ''nono'', 10° ''decimo'', 20° ''vigesimo'', 30° ''trigesimo'', 40° ''quadragesimo'', 50° ''quinquagesimo'', 60° ''sexagesimo'', 70° ''septuagesimo'', 80° ''octogesimo'', 90° ''nonagesimo'', 100° ''centesimo'', 1,000° ''millesimo'', 1,000,000 ''millionesimo''
* Ordinals (cont.): 45° ''quadragesimo quinto'' or ''quadraginta quinto'', 58° ''quinquagesimo octavo'' or ''quinquaginta octavo'', 345° ''tres cento quadraginta quinto''
* Multiplicatives: ''uno vice'' (once), ''duo vice'' (twice), ''tres vice'' (three times)

==Language examples==
{{quotation|''Latino es lingua internationale in occidente de Europa ab tempore de imperio romano, per toto medio aevo, et in scientia usque ultimo seculo. Seculo vigesimo es primo que non habe lingua commune. Hodie quasi omne auctore scribe in proprio lingua nationale, id es in plure lingua neo-latino, in plure germanico, in plure slavo, in nipponico et alio. Tale multitudine de linguas in labores de interesse commune ad toto humanitate constitute magno obstaculo ad progressu.''

Latin was the international language in the west of Europe from the time of the Roman Empire, throughout the Middle Ages, and in the sciences until the last century. The 20th century is the first that does not have a common language. Today almost all authors write in their own national languages, that is in Neo-Latin languages, in Germanic, in Slavic, in Japanese, and others. This multitude of languages in works of communal interest to the whole of humanity constitutes a large obstacle to progress.}}

===The Lord's Prayer===
This is a sample text, intended to give the reader a basic understanding of how the language sounds, and how closely it is related to Latin.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row" |  Latino sine flexione version:
! scope="row" |  [[Interlingua de IALA]] version
! scope="row" |  [[Latin]] version:
! scope="row" | English ([[English Language Liturgical Consultation|ELLC]] - 1988<ref>[http://www.englishtexts.org/praying.pdf Praying Together] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201315/http://www.englishtexts.org/praying.pdf |date=2013-10-29 }}</ref>)
|-
|
Nostro patre, qui es in caelos,<br>
que tuo nomine fi sanctificato;<br>
que tuo regno adveni;<br>
que tuo voluntate es facto<br>
sicut in caelo et in terra.<br>
Da hodie ad nos nostro pane quotidiano,<br>
et remitte ad nos nostro debitos,<br>
sicut et nos remitte ad nostro debitores.<br>
Et non induce nos in tentatione,<br>
sed libera nos ab malo.<br>
Amen.
|
Patre nostre, qui es in le celos,<br>
que tu nomine sia sanctificate;<br>
que tu regno veni;<br>
que tu voluntate sia facite<br>
como in le celo, etiam super le terra.<br>
Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian,<br>
e pardona a nos nostre debitas<br>
como etiam nos los pardona a nostre debitores.<br>
E non induce nos in tentation,<br>
sed libera nos del mal.<br>
Amen.
|
Pater noster, qui es in caelis,<br>
sanctificetur nomen tuum.<br>
Adveniat regnum tuum.<br>
Fiat voluntas tua,<br>
sicut in caelo, et in terra.<br>
Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie,<br>
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,<br>
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.<br>
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,<br>
sed libera nos a malo.<br>
Amen.
|
Our Father (who are) in heaven,<br>
hallowed be your name,<br>
your kingdom come,<br>
your will be done,<br>
on earth as in heaven.<br>
Give us today our daily bread.<br>
Forgive us our sins<br>
as we forgive those who sin against us.<br>
Save us from the time of trial<br>
and deliver us from evil.<br>
Amen.
|}

===Latin proverbs converted to Latino sine flexione===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Latin
! scope="col" | Latino sine flexione
! scope="col" | English
|-
| [[Vox populi, vox Dei]].||Voce de populo, voce de Deo.||The voice of the people is the voice of God.
|-
| [[Hodie mihi, cras tibi]].||Hodie ad me, cras ad te.||It is my lot today, yours to-morrow.
|-
| Gratia gratiam generat, lis litem.||Gratia genera gratia, lite genera lite.||Goodwill begets goodwill, bickering begets bickering.
|-
| In medio stat virtus.||Virtute sta in medio.||Virtue stands in the middle.
|-
| Qui non laborat, non manducet.||Qui non labora, non debe manduca.||[[He who does not work, neither shall he eat]].
|-
| Medice, cura te ipsum.||Medico, cura te ipso.||[[Physician, heal thyself]].
|-
| [[De gustibus non est disputandum]].||Nos ne debe disputa de gustu.||There is no disputing about tastes.
|-
| Ars imitatio naturae est.||Arte imita natura.||Art imitates nature.
|-
| [[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#do ut des|Do ut des]].||Me da ut te da.||I give so that you give.
|-
| Designatio unius est exclusio alterius.||Qui designa uno, exclude alio.||Who chooses one excludes another.
|}

=== [[Publius Cornelius Tacitus]], ''De origine et situ Germanorum (Germania)'' (fragmentum initiale) ===

{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''[[Latin]]a classica''' (ex [http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum_(Germania) Vicifonte])
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Latino sine flexione / Interlingua (IL) de [[Academia pro Interlingua|A.p.I.]]'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''English''' (translated by [[Alfred John Church|A.J. Church]] and W.J. Brodribb, 1876)
|-
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | Germania omnis a Gallis Raetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danuvio fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu aut montibus separatur: cetera Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum inmensa spatia complectens, nuper cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit. Rhenus, Raeticarum Alpium inaccesso ac praecipiti vertice ortus, modico flexu in occidentem versus septentrionali Oceano miscetur. Danuvius molli et clementer edito montis Abnobae iugo effusus pluris populos adit, donec in Ponticum mare sex meatibus erumpat: septimum os paludibus hauritur.
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | Fluvios Rheno et Danuvio separa toto Germania ab Gallos, Raetos et Pannonios; montes, aut metu mutuo, separa illo ab Sarmatas et Dacos: Oceano ambi ceteros, complectente sinus lato de mari et spatios immenso de insulas, ad certo gentes et reges recente cognito, aperto ab bello. Rheno, orto in vertice inaccesso et praecipite de Alpes Raetico, flecte se parvo versus occidente et misce se in Oceano septentrionale. Danuvio, effuso in jugo molle et clemente edito de monte Abnoba, visita plure populo, usque illo erumpe in mari Pontico per sex cursu: ore septimo perde se in paludes. 
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | Germany as a whole is separated from the Galli, the Rhaeti, and Pannonii, by the rivers Rhine and Danube; mountain ranges, or the fear which each feels for the other, divide it from the Sarmatae and Daci. Elsewhere ocean girds it, embracing broad peninsulas and islands of unexplored extent, where certain tribes and kings are newly known to us, revealed by war. The Rhine springs from a precipitous and inaccessible height of the Rhaetian Alps, bends slightly westward, and mingles with the Northern Ocean. The Danube pours down from the gradual and gently rising slope of Mount Abnoba, and visits many nations, to force its way at last through six channels into the Pontus; a seventh mouth is lost in marshes.
|-
|}

== Criticism ==
Peano formally defended the maxim that ''the best grammar is no grammar'', bearing in mind the example of [[Chinese language|Chinese]].<ref group="note">In modern linguistics, counter to popular – and Peano's – usage, ''[[grammar]]'' does not refer to [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] structures alone, but also to [[syntax]] and [[phonology]], for example, which both Latino sine flexione and Chinese still have. In this sense, "languages without grammar" cannot exist.</ref> According to [[Lancelot Hogben]], Peano's Interlingua still shares a major flaw with many other [[International auxiliary language|auxiliary languages]], having "either too much grammar of the wrong sort, or not enough of the right".<ref name="Hogben" />  (p.&nbsp;10)
Hogben argues that at least nouns and verbs should be easily distinguished by characteristic endings, so that one can easily get an initial understanding of the sentence. Thus, in Peano's Interlingua the verbs might be given some specific, standardized verbal form, such as the [[infinitive]], which is sufficient at the Latin [[indirect speech]]. Instead, the raw imperative is proposed in ''De Latino Sine Flexione'':
{{quotation|Lingua latino habet discurso directo, ut: “''Amicitia inter malos esse non potest”'', et discurso indirecto: “(''Verum est'' ) ''amicitiam inter malos esse non posse”''. Si nos utimur semper de discurso indirecto, in verbo evanescit desinentia de persona, de modo, et saepe de tempore. Sumimus ergo nomen inflexibile (…), sub forma magis simplice, qui es imperativo.<br>[''Translation:'' ] The Latin language has a direct discourse, like: "''Friendness among the bad ones is not possible”'', and indirect discourse: “(''It is true that'' ) ''friendness among the bad ones is not possible”''. If we always make use of indirect discourse, the desinences of person, mode, and (frequently) time, get vanished off the verb. So we take the name unflexed (…), under the simplest form, which is the imperative.|Peano (1903, § 4)}}

According to Hogben, another handicap is the lack of a pure [[article (grammar)|article]], which might clearly indicate the nouns. Nevertheless, Peano occasionally suggested that ''illo'' (that) and ''uno'' (one) might be used as articles.

Once more according to Hogben, the syntax of Peano's Interlingua remained conservative:
{{quotation|[Peano’s Interlingua] (...) has an aristocratic indifference to the necessity for simple rules of sentence-construction. The fact is that no pioneer of language-planning –least of all Peano– has undertaken the task of investigating what rules of word-order contribute most to intrinsic clarity of meaning and ease of recognition.|Lancelot Hogben (1943, p. 11).}}

Reviewing the list of more widely known Latin titles, one might conclude that the sequence ''noun-adjective'' is the norm in Latin, yet the inverted sequence is also current.<ref name="latinosineflexio">“Note on Peano’s Interlingua” [https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/nota]. Updated: June 2014.</ref> The ratio is over 2 to 1 in a list of Latin titles commented by Stroh.<ref>Stroh, Wilfried (2009). ''Le latin est mort. Vive la latin!'' [2007. ''Latein ist tot, es lebe Latein'']. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. {{ISBN|978-2-251-34601-4}}.</ref> E.g. "''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia Mathematica]]''".
As for a sequence ''nominative-genitive'', it may be the norm in Latin in a similar ratio. E.g. "''[[Systema Naturae]]''". Indeed, the sequence ''nominative-genitive'' must always be the norm in Peano's Interlingua, since the preposition ''de'' must introduce the genitive. Thus, ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' would turn into ''Principio Mathematico '''de''' Philosophia Naturale''. Since the function of both the adjective and the genitive is often the same, one might infer that the sequence ''noun-adjective'' might always be the norm.

{{quotation|Adiectivo qui deriva ab sustantivo vale genitivo: "aureo", "de auro".<br>[''Translation:'' ] An adjective derived from a substantive is equivalent to a genitive: "golden", "of gold".|Peano (1903, § 6).}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Constructed languages}}
* [[Interslavic language|Medžuslovjanski or Interslavic]], a zonal IAL for [[Slavic Languages]] following a similar philosophy
* [[Dog Latin]] - imitation of Latin using words from other languages

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://mono.eik.bme.hu/~galantai/LSF/ Instituto pro Latino sine flexione] - Site in Latino sine flexione; Peano's original writings on this language, blog in Latino sine flexione, etc.
* [http://latinosineflexione.wordpress.com Blog in Latino sine Flexione]
* (Latino sine flexione) [[:oldwikisource:100 exemplo de Interlingua|100 exemplo de Interlingua, ab Giuseppe Peano]]
* (Latino sine flexione) [https://sites.google.com/site/academiaprointerlingua190913/ Revista "Discussiones", de Academia Pro Interlingua (1909-13)]
* [http://nuntios.blogspot.com/search/label/Latino%20sine%20Flexione Nuntios: Latino sine Flexione] in http://nuntios.blogspot.com/
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Simplified languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 1900s]]
[[Category:1903 introductions]]