View source for Pulqer/History

* Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. ''auris > auricula > oricla''.

===Vulgar Latin Changes===
The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:
* Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. ''solidus > soldus''.
* Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. ''filia > filja''.
* Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. ''bibere > bivere''.
* Loss of ''h'', e.g. ''hominem > ominem''.
* Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''.
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''
* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu''
* Assimilation of ''quu'' > ''cu'', e.g. ''coquus > koku''
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! B !! C !! D !! F !! G !! J !! L !! M !! N !! P !! R !! S !! T !! V
|-
| bj || tts || jj > (d)d͡ʒ || fj || colspan="2;" | jj > (d)d͡ʒ || ʎʎ || mj || ɲɲ || pj || rj || sj || tts || j
|}
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' > /ts, j > d͡ʒ/ before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''

===Old Pulqer Changes===
A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.

* High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakhu''
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes:
** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur adjacent to a resonant). 
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
** ''d > t > th''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''gu > q(u) > qh(u)'' /kʷ/
*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/. 
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
** ''mn > nn''
** ''ct > tt''
** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > khaltathe''
* C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > kralu''
** There is occasional metathesis where ''r'' and ''l'' occur in a word. 

The following are later developments within OP. 
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''khaltathe > khaltaethe''
** ''a > ae'' /aː > ae/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛː > ɛi/
** ''i > ie'' /iː > iə/ 
** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/
** ''ą > au'' /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. ''au''. 
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakṛmentu''

===Middle Pulqer Changes===
* Diphthongs are simplified:
** ''ae'' /ae > ɛː/
** ''ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
*** NB ''ei'' /ɛi/ remains
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,  
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer'' 
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
* Initial ''kh, ph, th'' merge with ''k, p, t''.
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath''
* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''.
* Final ''-tr'' becomes ''-tl''

===Modern Pulqer Changes===
* Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. ''autn > atn''
** ''ae > e''
** ''ei > i''
** ''ie > i''
*** but > ''ia'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''miel > mial''
** ''au > a''
** ''ue > u''
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muel > mual''
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
* sC > ş
* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).

===Summary===
====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | CL !! style="width: 100px;" | VL !! style="width: 100px;" | OP !! style="width: 100px;" | OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" | ModP
|-
| a || rowspan="2;" | a(ː) || rowspan="2;" | a(ː) || a || a 
|-
| ā || ae || rowspan="2;" | e
|-
| æ || rowspan="2;" | ę(ː) || rowspan="2;" | e(ː) || e 
|-
| e || ei || rowspan="5;" | i <br> ia<sup>2</sup>
|-
| ē || rowspan="2;" | ẹ(ː) || rowspan="4;" | i(ː) || rowspan="2;" | i  
|-
| œ 
|-
| i || ɪ(ː) || rowspan="2;" | ie 
|-
| ī || i(ː) 
|-
| au || au || rowspan="2;" | ą(ː) <br> [u]<sup>1</sup> || a || rowspan="2;" | a 
|-
| o || ǫ(ː) || au  
|-
| ō || ọ(ː) || rowspan="3;" | u || u || u 
|-
| u || ʊ(ː) || rowspan="2;" | ue || rowspan="2;" | u <br> ua<sup>2</sup>
|-
| ū || u(ː) 
|}

# L. ''ov'' > ''uv'' > ''u''
# ''ie, ue'' + ''l, r'' > ''ia, ua''

====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | CL !! style="width: 100px;" | VL !! style="width: 100px;" | OP !! style="width: 100px;" | OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" | ModP
|-
| rowspan="4;" | p || p || colspan="2;" | ph || p
|-
| pl || colspan="2;" | pr || pr
|-
| -pj- || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś
|-
| -pt- || colspan="2;" | tth || t
|-
| rowspan="4;" | b || b- || colspan="2;" | p || p
|-
| -v- || f || h || -
|-
| bj || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś
|-
| -br- || vr || fr || r
|-
| rowspan="2;" | v || v || f || h || h-
|-
| vj || fi || hi || i
|-
| rowspan="2;" | t || t || colspan="2;" | th || t
|-
| tj || colspan="2;" | ts || ts
|-
| rowspan="2;" | d || d || colspan="2;" | t || t
|-
| dj || colspan="2;" | tś || tś
|-
| rowspan="2;" | c || c || colspan="2;" | kh || k
|-
| cj || ts ||
|-
| ci || ts
|-
| cr || kr
|-
| g
|-
| gj || tś
|-
| qu
|-
| m
|-
| mj || ntś
|-
| rowspan="2;" | n ||
|-
| nj || ntś
|-
| ns || s
|-
| l
|-
| lj || ltś
|-
| r
|-
| rj || ltś
|-
| rs || ss
|-
| f
|-
| s
|-
| h || colspan="4;" | Ø
|}