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| nativename = kimow | | nativename = kimow | ||
| altname = Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of *kimauisch*.</ref> | | altname = Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of *kimauisch*.</ref> | ||
| pronunciation = | | pronunciation = ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[ˈkʰǐm.ɑ̄w | ||
| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
| created = 2024 | | created = 2024 | ||
| speakers = 7.7 million(total) | |||
| speakers2 = [[Kimow|Kimo]]: 3.96 million<br>[[Kimow|Wakki]]: 3.74 million | |||
| date = 2024 | |||
| familycolor = language isolate | | familycolor = language isolate | ||
| dia1 = Kimo dialects | | dia1 = Kimo dialects | ||
** Igkin dialects | ** Igkin dialects | ||
*** | *** Kemḥu Kka | ||
** Mukku (†)<ref>Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.</ref> | ** Mukku (†)<ref>Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.</ref> | ||
| dia2 = Wakki dialects | | dia2 = Wakki dialects | ||
| | | script1 = Latn | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''kimow''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ | '''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''kimow''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰǐm.ɑ̄w]]]), also(but less commonly) called '''Kimau''',<ref name="kimau"></ref> is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the '''Kimo''' and the '''Wakki''', and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Kimow uses its own version of the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]] for writing. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Vowels + pulmonic consonants | |||
|- | |||
! Letter<br>(Maj-min) | |||
| A a || B b || C c || D d || E e || F f || G g || H h || Ḥ ḥ || I i || K k || Ḵ ḵ || L l || M m || N n || O o || P p || S s || T t || U u || W w || V v || Y y || Z z | |||
|- | |||
! IPA | |||
| a || bʱ || c || dʱ || e<br><span style=color:green>ɘ</span> || f || gʱ<br>ʔ<ref>When placed before /k/.</ref> || h || ɦ || i || kʰ || q || l || m || n<br>ŋ<ref>Before a velar plosive only.</ref> || <span style=color:red>o</span><br><span style=color:blue>ɑ</span> || pʰ || s || tʰ || colspan=2 | <span style=color:red>u/ʊ</span><br><span style=color:blue>w</span><ref name="ʊ"></ref> || v || j || z | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Aside from Wakki dialects using [w] as a replacement for [u] and [ʊ], consonants do not vary at all between Kimow speakers. | Aside from Wakki dialects using [w] as a replacement for [u] and [ʊ], consonants do not vary at all between Kimow speakers. | ||
| Line 25: | Line 39: | ||
! rowspan=3 | Plosive | ! rowspan=3 | Plosive | ||
! pulmonic | ! pulmonic | ||
| || || || c ɟ || || q | | || || || c ɟ || || q || ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! aspirated | ! aspirated | ||
| Line 31: | Line 45: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ejective/glottalised<ref name="ejective">See [[Kimow#Ejective controversy]].</ref> | ! ejective/glottalised<ref name="ejective">See [[Kimow#Ejective controversy]].</ref> | ||
| pʼ bʼ<br>p͡ʔ b͡ʔ || || tʼ<br>t͡ʔ|| || || qʼ | | pʼ bʼ<br>p͡ʔ b͡ʔ || || tʼ<br>t͡ʔ|| || || qʼ <br>q͡ʔ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Nasal | ! colspan=2 | Nasal | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Approximant | ! rowspan=2 | Approximant | ||
! normal | ! normal | ||
| || || || || w<ref name=ʊ></ref> || || | | || || || j || w<ref name=ʊ></ref> || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! lateral | ! lateral | ||
| Line 51: | Line 65: | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Ejective controversy==== | ====Ejective controversy==== | ||
There is an ongoing debate on whether the doubled consonants of Kimow(''kk'', ''gg'' and so forth) are [[w:Ejective consonant|'''ejective''']] consonants or '''diphthongs with a glottal stop'''. Previous studies have tried to link the two sets of different sounds to dialectical difference between Kimo and Wakki, but no correlation was found between use of glottal diphthongs or ejectives on dialectic differences alone. Subsequent studies on less spoken dialects, such as | There is an ongoing debate on whether the doubled consonants of Kimow(''kk'', ''gg'' and so forth) are [[w:Ejective consonant|'''ejective''']] consonants or '''diphthongs with a glottal stop'''. Previous studies have tried to link the two sets of different sounds to dialectical difference between Kimo and Wakki, but no correlation was found between use of glottal diphthongs or ejectives on dialectic differences alone. Subsequent studies on less spoken dialects, such as Kemḥu Kka and Mukku found no correlation either. Thus, the theory that use of ejectives or glottal diphthongs depends on dialect is now generally considered outdated and disproven, though a replacement theory with substantial evidence has yet to be found. Until such a theory is proposed, the linguistic community has agreed that the differences are completely arbitrary and are sometimes up to the speaker. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
| Line 72: | Line 86: | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
==== | Across all dialects, stress has only one pattern: prototonic in most cases, oxytonic when there is a case marker. | ||
====Tone==== | |||
Use of tone in Kimow is not indicated in the orthography and varies by Kimo and Wakki dialects, though within their own subsets they tend to conform to one standard tone system. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | Tone | |||
|- | |||
! Kimo !! Wakki | |||
|- | |||
| high <br> [[Help:IPA|[˦ ] ]]|| rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˥]]] | |||
|- | |||
| rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˥]]] || mid <br>[[Help:IPA|[˧]]] | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | falling <br>[[Help:IPA|[˥˩]]] || low rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˨]]] | |||
|- | |||
| rising-falling <br>[[Help:IPA|[˧˦˧]]] | |||
|- | |||
| extra low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˩]]] || rowspan=2 | low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˨]]] | |||
|- | |||
| low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˨]]] | |||
|} | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Homonyms=== | |||
Kimow is notorious for the fact that many of its words are homonyms with various meanings that can differ greatly from each other. Additionally, these different meanings can sometimes be simply up to dialectic difference, such as in the word ''vesi''(''visi'' in Wakki dialects). To analyse the many meanings of a typical Kimow word, one can use the Itou table, as so: | |||
{{itou-standard|vesi|kimo=věsȉ|igkin=vɘ̌sȉ|wakki=vēsì|meaning1=bicycle<br>vehicle<br>two-wheeled vehicle<br>two wheels<br>(''coll.'') Dutch/Netherlands<br>Amsterdam<br>bridge for bicycles<br>bicycle path|meaning2=boat<br>ship<br>cargo ship<br>ship cargo<br>navy<br>sailor<br>(''rare'') United Kingdom<br>(''rare'') United States}} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
The Kimo dialect mainly uses SOV, though in the Wakki dialect, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation, meaning the verb order is more like VO. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
===Notes=== | |||