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{{Featured}}
{{Infobox language
|name              = Khyili
|nativename        = Khyilī
|pronunciation    = avendoˈni̯ano
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Khyili
|state            = India
|setting          = Alt-history [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]], [[w:India|India]]
|created          = 2024
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Romance languages|Romance]]
|ancestor          = [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]]
|creator          = [[User:Eshaan011]]
|dia1              = Somnāthī dialect
|dia2              = Bombeyī dialect
|stand1            = Ṭhārī dialect
|script1          = Devanagari
|script2          = Latin
|nation            = India
|agency            = Unstandardized
|notice            = IPA
}}
'''Khyili''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''ख्यिल्ली'' &nbsp; "khyillī"; <small>Khyili:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Khyili|[kʰjilˈli]]]</span>) is a [[w:Romance language|Romance language]], with strong influence of [[w:Gujarati|Gujarati]] and light influence from [[w:Sindhi|Sindhi]] and [[w:English|English]]. It gradually began to take place after the exile of the inhabitants and burning down of the Roman town of Aquivia.
While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], Latin influence is most notable in its phonology and its grammar.
==Etymology==
The name of the language is derived from the words "colloquium exsilliī", vulgar classical Latin for "talk of the Exiles". As is retained into the language today, the singular-plural distinction from Latin in the genitive case has been lost. After numerous sound shifts, the word "exsilliī" had evolved into "khyillī", giving the language its modern name.
==Orthography==
Khyili can be written using either the Devanagari or the Latin scripts.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="18" | Letters of the Khyili Latin alphabet
|-
| Aa || Āā || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ḍḍ || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Īī || Jj || Kk || Ll || Ḷḷ || Mm || Nn || Ṇṇ || Oo || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Ṭṭ || Uu || Ūū || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz
|}
</center>
* The letter Cc is retained from its original use in Latin.
* Īī and Ūū exist only due to Gujarati spelling conventions.
* Khyili's digraphs are: Bh, Ch, Chh, Dh, Ḍh, Gh, Jh, Kh, Ph, Sh, Shh, Ṭh
* Ww and Zz only exist due to Gujarati romanisation conventions.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]])
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
Notes:
* As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ palatalize to /{{IPA|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA|i, e}}/.
* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}/, '''{{term|perstelitio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}/.
* [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech.
* [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|driŋˈkare}}/, '''{{term|anguste}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|aŋˈguste}}/, Low Burgundian '''{{term|clang}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|klaŋg}}/ (standard '''{{term|clango}}''').
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left:0;"| ([[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]) || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| colspan="2"| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || ||
|}
Notes:
* /{{IPA|y}}/ is native to the Burgundian dialects. See [[#Burgundian dialects|§Dialects]] below.
* /{{IPA|e, o}}/ may be realized as [{{IPA|e̞, o̞}}].
===Prosody===
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
: '''{{term|spraca}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|spra}}‑ca)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|or}}‑do)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}'''&nbsp;(bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria)&nbsp;/{{IPA|buˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|elˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.paˈre‿te}}/
Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}/, '''{{term|surstopitio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/
==Grammar==
Avendonian grammar is relatively straightforward and akin to the grammar of other Romance languages, due to the influence of Latin.
# Two sets of articles, indefinite and definite, preceding the noun.
# Gender and number inflection in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Articles and adjectives must agree inflection-wise with the noun or pronoun they modify.
# Twofold gender system, masculine and feminine. Loss of Latin neuter gender.
# Fusional verb inflection for person, number, mood, and tense.
However, noun and adjective declension endings, along with the ablaut in strong verbs are elements derived from Germanic.
===Articles===
Both definite and indefinite articles have four distinct forms, for number and gender:
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: left;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indefinite articles
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|uno}} || {{term|una}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|uni}} || {{term|une}}
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Definite articles
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|el}} || {{term|la}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|li}} || {{term|le}}
|-
|}
|}
<br>
Avendonian articles function similarly as English ''a'' and ''the'', but gender and number of the following noun determine the form that must be used. For example:
: '''{{term|buce}}''' ''{{Abbtip|masculine gender|m}}&nbsp;{{Abbtip|singular number|sg}}'' → '''el buce''' (“the book”), '''uno buce''' (“a book”).
: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}}&nbsp;{{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”).
: etc.
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''{{term|ca ga't|Ca ga't?}}''' from '''{{term|ga}}'''&nbsp;+&nbsp;'''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing.
===Demonstratives===
In Avendonian there are two sets of demonstratives, which can be used either as determiners or pronouns: [[w:Demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal and distal]]. As adjectives, the stem may be suffixed with '''-ie''' to form adverbs, '''{{term|ecie}}''' ‘here’ and '''{{term|elie}}''' ‘there’.
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proximal demonstratives
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|eco}} || {{term|eca}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|eci}} || {{term|ece}}
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Distal demonstratives
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|elo}} || {{term|ela}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|eli}} || {{term|ele}}
|-
|}
|}
===Nouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center;"
|+ Avendonian noun declensions
|-
! !! [[:Category:Avendonian a-stem nouns|A-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian o-stem nouns|O-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian e-stem nouns|E-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian u-stem nouns|U-stem]]
|-
! singular
| -a || -o || rowspan="2" | -e || -o
|-
! plural
| -e || -i || -u
|}
Nouns in Avendonian fall in one of the following almost fully regular declensions:
* '''A-stem''': mostly feminine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#First declension (a stems)|Latin first declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ō-stems|Germanic ō-]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ōn-stems|ōn-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|erda}}'''.
* '''O-stem''': chiefly masculine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#Second declension (o stems)|Latin second declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#a-stems|Germanic a-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|vundro}}'''.
* '''E-stem''': both genders. From the [[w:Latin declension#Third declension|third]] and [[w:Latin declension#Fifth declension (e stems)|fifth declensions of Latin]] and various Germanic stems (like [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#an-stems|an-stems]]). E.g. '''{{term|snege}}'''.
* '''U-stem''': both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin [[w:Latin declension#Fourth declension (u stems)|fourth declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#u-stems|u-stem]] from Germanic. E.g. '''{{term|vintro}}'''.
Notable exceptions are the productive suffix '''{{term|-tio}}''', which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the '''{{term|-ista}}''' suffix forms [[w:epicenity#Specialized uses|epicene]] a-stem nouns. Other words have no distinctive feature in the modern language, i.e. differences are etymological.
===Personal pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: right;"
|+ Avendonian personal pronouns
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | possessive<br>pronoun
|-
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|eo}} || {{term|me}} || {{term|mede}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|vi}} || {{term|nos}} || {{term|nosde}}
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! rowspan=2 | singular !! default
| {{term|tu}} || {{term|te}} || {{term|tede}}
|-
! formal
| colspan=2 | {{term|Si}} || {{term|Side}}
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
| {{term|i}} || {{term|vos}} || {{term|vosde}}
|-
! rowspan=4 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! rowspan=3 | singular !! masculine
| {{term|e}} || rowspan=4 | {{term|si}} || rowspan=4 | {{term|side}}
|-
! feminine
| {{term|si}}
|-
! neuter
| {{term|et}}
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
| {{term|si}}
|}
Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, like other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' “I speak Avendonian.”
:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' “The dog which was tired sat down.”
* Objective pronouns act as the direct object of a sentence. If the verb is an infinitive or an imperative, the pronoun is attached to it with a hyphen; otherwise, it precedes the verb.
:: '''E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede.''' “He gave me a present for my birthday.”
:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' “Please, send me a message when they arrive.”
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives<br>must be written in the form of [article] + [noun] + [possessive]. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.
{{col-begin|75%}}
{{col-n|2}}
::: '''El vagno mede.''' ‘My car’
{{col-n|2}}
'''Le sceiate side.''' ‘His/Her/Their stories’
{{col-end}}
:: '''Pergatasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' “Did you forget your book? I can lend you mine.”
* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second-person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' “Excuse me, sir, what is your name?” (formal)
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' “If you are lost, we can guide you.” (formal)
===Adjectives===
As said above, adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun, and are placed after them. They exist in three [[w:Comparison (grammar)|degrees]]: positive, comparative, and superlative. All three degrees have an adverbial form, using the suffix '''-ie'''. In other words, every adjective can be morphed into an adverb.
====Positive degree====
The positive degree is the default form of Avendonian adjectives, which simply describes the noun. It is also the only degree subject to declensional variation. The declension patterns are exactly as those of nouns, although '''{{term|porpora}}''' is considered irregular, not a-stem.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n}}
: '''Uno vagno roto.''' ‘A red car’
{{Col-n}}
: '''La dotre sciia mede.''' ‘My shy daughter’
{{Col-n}}
: '''Li landi fere.''' ‘The distant/far countries’
{{Col-end}}
The same forms can also be used predicatively. Thus: '''La dotre mede bi sciia.''' “My daughter is shy.”, '''Li landi bin fere.''' “The countries are far (away).”, etc.
Passive participles can function as regular adjectives, and active participles (or gerunds) result in undeclinable adjectives. An example of an adjective of each declension is given:
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ O-stem
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| alto || alta
|-
! plural
| alti || alte
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian e-stem adjectives|E-stem]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|comene}}'' (“common”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | comene
|-
! plural
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian u-stem adjectives|U-stem]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|engo}}'' (“narrow”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" | engo
|-
! plural
| colspan="2" | engu
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian irregular adjectives|Irregular]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|porpora}}'' (“purple”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" | porpora
|-
! plural
| colspan="2" | porpore
|-
|}
|}
====Comparative degree====
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: right;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| altior || altiora
|-
! plural
| altiori || altiore
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' (“good”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| betior || betiora
|-
! plural
| betiori || betiore
|-
|}
|}
Avendonian comparative adjectives can establish three sorts of comparison: equative (''X is as Y as Z''), superior (''X is more Y than Z''), and inferior (''X is less Y than Z''). Fusional endings are only used in<br>equative comparatives. Consider the following example:
* ''Iane is shorter than Vilelmo.'' '''Iane bi curtior ce Vilelmo.'''
* ''Iane is as short as Vilelmo.'' '''Iane bi ta curto ca Vilelmo.'''
* ''Iane is “less short” than Vilelmo.'' '''Iane bi minire curto ca Vilelmo'''.
Notice the use of different prepositions in each comparison. Both ''X'' and ''Z'' can be personal pronouns, only in the subject form.
* ''You are shorter than me.'' '''Tu bis curtior ce eo.'''
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: right;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| altesmo || altesma
|-
! plural
| altesmi || altesme
|-
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' (“good”)
|-
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| betesmo || betesma
|-
! plural
| betesmi || betesme
|-
|}
|}
====Superlative degree====
Superlatives are always preceded by a definite article, and both must agree with the noun they are modifying. Thus:
* '''Iane bi el curtesmo.''' “Iane is the shortest.”
* '''Iane e Vilelmo bin li curtesmi.''' “Iane and Vilelmo are the shortest.”
====Indeclinable adjectives====
Some adjectives have a single form for all degrees, but the same effect is achieved by placing before them the adverbs '''{{term|mere}}''' and '''{{term|mesto}}'''. Some of these adjectives are indeclinable for etymological reasons (e.g. '''{{term|na}}''') or because of their nature as active participles (e.g. '''{{term|denemanti}}'''). '''Mesto''' however does inflect for gender and number, like a regular adjective.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''{{term|na}}'' (“near, close”)
|-
! positive !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| na || mere na || mesto na
|-
|}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: left;"
|-
|&nbsp;
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" |
* ''That joke is the most welcome.''<br>'''Elo stricolo bi el mesto vilicume.'''
|-
|&nbsp;
|-
|}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"
|-
|&nbsp;
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" |
* ''Those jokes are the most welcome.''<br>'''Eli stricoli bin li mesti vilicume.'''
|-
|&nbsp;
|-
|}
{{Col-end}}
===Verbs===
Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons, and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except for a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.
Avendonian classifies both weak and strong verbs in two conjugations, '''-are''' (first conjugation) and '''-ere''' (second conjugation). The former are the most prone to have [[w:ablaut|ablaut]], which changes the vowel of the stem in the perfect tenses.
====Weak verbs====
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
|-
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ladanti
|-
! colspan="3" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| ladato || ladata
|-
! plural
| ladati || ladate
|-
|}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! present
| lado
| ladas
| lada
| ladamos
| ladates
| ladan
|-
! perfect
| lade
| ladasti
| lado
| ladamos
| ladastes
| ladaron
|-
! imperfect
| ladaba
| ladabas
| ladaba
| ladabamos
| ladabates
| ladaban
|-
! future
| ladarabo
| ladarabes
| ladarabe
| ladarabemos
| ladarabetes
| ladaraben
|-
! conditional
| ladaraba
| ladarabas
| ladaraba
| ladarabamos
| ladarabates
| ladaraban
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! present
| lade
| lades
| lade
| lademos
| ladetes
| laden
|-
! perfect
| ladase
| ladases
| ladase
| ladasemos
| ladasetes
| ladasen
|-
!  colspan="2" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| lada
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| ladan
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
|-
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ladenti
|-
! colspan="3" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| ladeto || ladeta
|-
! plural
| ladeti || ladete
|-
|}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! present
| lado
| lades
| lade
| lademos
| ladetes
| laden
|-
! perfect
| ladui
| laduis
| ladui
| laduimos
| laduites
| laduin
|-
! imperfect
| ladia
| ladias
| ladia
| ladiamos
| ladiates
| ladian
|-
! future
| laderabo
| laderabes
| laderabe
| laderabemos
| laderabetes
| laderaben
|-
! conditional
| laderaba
| laderabas
| laderaba
| laderabamos
| laderabates
| laderaban
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! present
| lada
| ladas
| lada
| ladamos
| ladates
| ladan
|-
! perfect
| laduise
| laduises
| laduise
| laduisemos
| laduisetes
| laduisen
|-
!  colspan="2" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| lade
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| laden
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
|}
Notice:
* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
* If the thematic vowel is '''-a-''', then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is '''-e-''', and vice versa.
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are conjugated as weak verbs, but the main stem vowel undergoes a phonological process known as ablaut. This is present in the indicative and subjunctive perfect tense. In the following example, the tenses that remain unchanged are omitted.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian first-conjugation strong verbs|strong 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|scedare}}'' (“to separate”)
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
|-
! rowspan="2" | indicative
! present
| sc'''e'''do
| sc'''e'''das
| sc'''e'''da
| sc'''e'''damos
| sc'''e'''dates
| sc'''e'''dan
|-
! perfect
| sc'''i'''de
| sc'''i'''dasti
| sc'''i'''do
| sc'''i'''damos
| sc'''i'''dastes
| sc'''i'''daron
|-
! subjunctive
! perfect
| sc'''i'''dase
| sc'''i'''dases
| sc'''i'''dase
| sc'''i'''dasemos
| sc'''i'''dasetes
| sc'''i'''dasen
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian second-conjugation strong verbs|strong 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|evere}}'' (“to lift”)
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
|-
! rowspan="2" | indicative
! present
| '''e'''vo
| '''e'''ves
| '''e'''ve
| '''e'''vemos
| '''e'''vetes
| '''e'''ven
|-
! perfect
| '''u'''vui
| '''u'''vuis
| '''u'''vui
| '''u'''vuimos
| '''u'''vuites
| '''u'''vuin
|-
! subjunctive
! perfect
| '''u'''vuise
| '''u'''vuises
| '''u'''vuise
| '''u'''vuisemos
| '''u'''vuisetes
| '''u'''vuisen
|-
|}
Second-conjugation strong verbs are much less common than first-conjugation. They are derived from [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic verbs#j-presents|Proto-Germanic j-present strong verbs]], which were already scarce.
====Irregular verbs====
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof.
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses '''-v-''' instead of the expected '''-u-''': '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.
'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
=====''sire'', to be=====
Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
| colspan="2" | tense || colspan="6" | forms || etymology
|-
! colspan="2" | infinitive
| colspan="6" | {{term|sire}}
| <ref name="h1es">Ultimately from {{mn|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}. Cognate with {{mn|de|sein}} and {{mn|nl|zijn}}.</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | active participle
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | vesanti
| <ref name="wesanan">From {{mn|gem-pro|*wesaną}}.</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | passive participle
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| sito || sita
|-
! plural
| siti || site
|-
|}
| <ref name="h1es" />
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
! &nbsp;
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! present
| bi
| bis
| bin
| bimos
| bites
| bin
| <ref name="beunan">From {{mn|gem-pro|*beuną}}.</ref>
|-
! perfect
| va
| vas
| va
| vamos
| vates
| van
| <ref name="wesanan" />
|-
! imperfect
| era
| eras
| era
| eramos
| erates
| eran
| <ref name="sum">From {{mn|la|sum}}.</ref>
|-
! future
| sirabo
| sirabes
| sirabe
| sirabemos
| sirabetes
| siraben
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="h1es" />
|-
! conditional
| siraba
| sirabas
| siraba
| sirabamos
| sirabates
| siraban
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! present
| si
| sis
| si
| simos
| sites
| sin
|-
! perfect
| vari
| varis
| vari
| varimos
| varites
| varin
| <ref name="wesanan" />
|-
!  colspan="2" | imperative
| &nbsp;
| si
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| sin
| &nbsp;
| <ref name="h1es" />
|-
| colspan="9" style="border:none; background: white;text-align:justify;font-size:3px" | &nbsp;
|-
| colspan="9" style="border:none; background: white;text-align:justify" | <references />
|}
====Periphrastic forms====
==Dialects==
DIALECTS




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II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
-->


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
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Inspiration
Inspiration


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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't.
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc.


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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing.
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Romance Languages]]
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