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| The marked conclusive form may be dropped and the bare stem used to signify a conclusive meaning before a pausa. | | The marked conclusive form may be dropped and the bare stem used to signify a conclusive meaning before a pausa. |
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| ==== Auxiliary verbs ====
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| ;'''''*dəsu'''''
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| :(''perfective aspect • emphatic'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Generally used for voluntarily concluded action or states.
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| ;'''''*dəiarusu'''''
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| :(''perfective aspect • continuing importance'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Formed of ''*dəsu'' + the copula ''*arusu''.
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| ;'''''*nusu'''''
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| :(''negative'') Attaches to the irrealis form of a verb. Irregular stem; ''*n-'' in the irrealis, infinitive, conclusive, and imperative and ''*s-'' adnominal and realis.
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| :(''perfective aspect • emphatic'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Generally used to express natural states or actions.
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| ;'''''*kusu'''''
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| :(''past tense'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Irregular stem; ''*k-'' in the irrealis, infinitive, conclusive, and imperative and ''*ŋ-'' adnominal and realis; e.g. ''*daŋʷáikusu'' ('they sang') vs. ''*daŋʷáiŋu'' ('the one(s) that sang').
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| ;'''''*kiarusu'''''
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| :(''reported past • hearsay • narrative tense'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Formed of ''*kusu'' + the copula ''*arusu''.
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| ;'''''*ta-si'''''
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| :(''volition • desiderative mood'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb.
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| === Reduplication === | | === Reduplication === |