6,788
edits
(→Verbs) |
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The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns. | The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="9"| '''First declension''' | |||
! colspan=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular | ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular | ||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural | ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural | ||
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The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns. | The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="9"| '''Second declension''' | |||
! colspan=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular | ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular | ||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural | ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural | ||
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The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders. | The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="9"| '''Third declension''' | ||
! | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular | ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|Unpossessed | !scope="row"|Unpossessed | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|-Ø | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|1sg | !scope="row"|1sg | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nin'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|2sg.m | !scope="row"|2sg.m | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nize'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|2sg.f | !scope="row"|2sg.f | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nivi'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|3sg.m | !scope="row"|3sg.m | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nu'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|3sg.f | !scope="row"|3sg.f | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-ni'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|4sg.m | !scope="row"|4sg.m | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nthu'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|4sg.f | !scope="row"|4sg.f | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nthi'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|1ex | !scope="row"|1ex | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nīm'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|1in | !scope="row"|1in | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nint'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|2pl.m | !scope="row"|2pl.m | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nys'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|2pl.f | !scope="row"|2pl.f | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nyth'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|3pl.m | !scope="row"|3pl.m | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nīch'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|3pl.f | !scope="row"|3pl.f | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nīr'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|4pl.m | !scope="row"|4pl.m | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nthich'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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!scope="row"|4pl.f | !scope="row"|4pl.f | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"|''-nthir'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3"| '''Independent personal pronouns''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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''ťân'' | ''ťân'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The fourth person has a more "focused" meaning, so it is used as the obviative and for other functions. | |||
====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
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===Table of correlatives=== | ===Table of correlatives=== | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan="10"|Table of correlatives | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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=====Basic tense-aspects===== | =====Basic tense-aspects===== | ||
The basic tenses are: | The basic tenses, marked with a combination of tone, suffixes and prefixes, are: | ||
*Present | *Present | ||
*Past imperfective | *Past imperfective | ||
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The jussive bears a wide range of uses: | The jussive bears a wide range of uses: | ||
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging); | * optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging); | ||
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker ("Don't walk!"); | * prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (''Ham skőtîr!'' "Don't walk!"); | ||
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back"); | * imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back"); | ||
* purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; ("the word to say"). | * purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; ("the word to say"). | ||
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Past imperfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Future imperfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,041: | Line 1,048: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Future perfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,085: | Line 1,093: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,162: | Line 1,171: | ||
=====Subject affixes===== | =====Subject affixes===== | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,195: | Line 1,205: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Present''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,249: | Line 1,260: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Past imperfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,293: | Line 1,305: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,337: | Line 1,350: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Future imperfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,381: | Line 1,395: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Future perfective''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,425: | Line 1,440: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="3" |'''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
Line 1,471: | Line 1,487: | ||
The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object. | The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="15" |'''Object affixes''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1sg | !|1sg | ||
Line 1,517: | Line 1,534: | ||
The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object. | The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="15" |'''Pronominal enclitics on prepositions''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1sg | !|1sg | ||
Line 1,555: | Line 1,573: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1sg | !|1sg | ||
Line 1,591: | Line 1,610: | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
| | |- | ||
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at'''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1sg | !|1sg |
edits