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Kola: Difference between revisions
→Verb extensions
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'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' [''-́sh-'']. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' [''-́sh-'']. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b> | :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>i'' "to have caused to walk". | ||
:: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b> | :: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂሺ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>i'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | ||
'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b> | :e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïl</b>ä'' "to walk to", ጔዲሊ ''gwèdd<b>ïl</b>i'' "to have walked to". | ||
:: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b> | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሊ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>i'' "to have cooked for". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' [''-n-'']. | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' [''-n-'']. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b> | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>i'' "to have walked to each other". | ||
:: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b> | :: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኒ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>i'' "to have cooked each other". | ||
'''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' [''-ng-'']. It indicates a large amount. | |||
:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጚ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>i'' "to have walked a lot". | |||
:e.g. ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጚ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>i'' "to have cooked a large amount". | |||
'''Intensive''' is formed by reduplicating the final syllable of the root (minus the onset) and shifting the accent one syllable forward. If the root ends in a geminate consonant, it loses its gemination in the base root. The intensive indicates that an action is performed intensively. The intensive and extensive are often very similar in meaning (especially for intransitive verbs). | |||
:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwed<b>èdd</b>ä'' "to walk all over the place", ጔደጚ ''gwed<b>èdd</b>ä'' "to have walked all over the place". | |||
:e.g. ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively", ግዙጙጚ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>i'' "to have cooked intensively". | |||
'''Neuter''' (not very productive) is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It is used for the middle voice and can have unpredictable meaning. | '''Neuter''' (not very productive) is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It is used for the middle voice and can have unpredictable meaning. | ||
:e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzung<b> | :e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzung<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", ግዙጚ ''gïzung<b>g</b>i'' "to have cooked (intr.)". | ||
Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | ||
:e.g. | :e.g. ጔዴዚሽለነጟ ''gwed<b>ezzishlänä́ngwa</b>'' "to be made to walk a lot and intensively to each other". | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||