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Kola: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Structure: '''Pre-SM + SM + NEG<sub>2</sub> + TA + [OM + [<!---->[root + extension] + FV]] + <!--OM<sub>2</sub> + -->Post-FV''' | Structure: '''Pre-SM + SM + NEG<sub>2</sub> + TA + [OM + [<!---->[root + extension] + FV]] + <!--OM<sub>2</sub> + -->Post-FV''' | ||
*'''Pre-SM (pre-subject marker)''': | *'''Pre-SM (pre-subject marker)''': see [[Kola#prefixes|prefixes]] below. | ||
*'''SM (subject marker)''': subject concord prefixes - dropped in the imperative, obligatory otherwise. | *'''SM (subject marker)''': subject concord prefixes - dropped in the imperative, obligatory otherwise. | ||
*'''NEG<sub>2</sub> (secondary negation prefix)''': ''sï-'', used for infinitives and other derived nouns. | *'''NEG<sub>2</sub> (secondary negation prefix)''': ''sï-'', used for infinitives and other derived nouns. | ||
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Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. <!--Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. -->Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in curly brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent. | Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. <!--Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. -->Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in curly brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent. | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | |||
'''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>èddä'' "to walk" (root: ''-èdd-''), ግዙጘ ''<b>gï</b>zúngä'' "to cook (trs.)" (root: ''-zúng-''). | '''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>èddä'' "to walk" (root: ''-èdd-''), ግዙጘ ''<b>gï</b>zúngä'' "to cook (trs.)" (root: ''-zúng-''). | ||
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====TAM==== | ====TAM==== | ||
=====Prefixes===== | =====Prefixes===== | ||
Pre-SM prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb before the subject prefixes. They include: | |||
*nominalization prefixes (see [[Kola#Non-finite_forms|non-finite forms]] above) | |||
*''-ä-'': relativizer | |||
*''nï-'': focus particle (exact function TBD) | |||
*''kä-'': primary negation prefix | |||
*''bä-'': "when, if" | |||
*''g(w)ï-'': "so that, in order that" | |||
Tense/aspect prefixes occur between the subject and object concords. They occur after the non-finite negation morpheme ''si-''. | Tense/aspect prefixes occur between the subject and object concords. They occur after the non-finite negation morpheme ''si-''. | ||
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*''-gï-'': persistive - "still, continue to -" | *''-gï-'': persistive - "still, continue to -" | ||
*''-wa-'': inchoative - "start to -" | *''-wa-'': inchoative - "start to -" | ||
*''-mä-'': cessative - "stop -ing" | |||
*''-ngä-'': imperfective/continuous - "be -ing" | *''-ngä-'': imperfective/continuous - "be -ing" | ||
*''-vu-'': habitual | *''-vu-'': habitual | ||
*''-nä-'' (with perfect): conditional - "would -" | |||
=====Suffixes===== | =====Suffixes===== | ||