Harākti: Difference between revisions
| Line 187: | Line 187: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *kʷ | ! *kʷ | ||
| kʷ | | kʷ <ku> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *b | ! *b | ||
| Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *ǵ | ! *ǵ | ||
| g, x | | g, x <h> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *g | ! *g | ||
| Line 202: | Line 202: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *gʷ | ! *gʷ | ||
| gʷ | | gʷ <gu> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *bʰ | ! *bʰ | ||
| Line 214: | Line 214: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *gʰ | ! *gʰ | ||
| ɣ | | ɣ <gh> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *gʷʰ | ! *gʷʰ | ||
| ɣ | | ɣ <gh> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *s | ! *s | ||
| Line 235: | Line 235: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *r | ! *r | ||
| ɾ | | ɾ <r> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *i̯ | ! *i̯ | ||
| i̯ | | i̯ <nowiki><i></nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *u̯ | ! *u̯ | ||
| ʋ; u̯ | | ʋ <v>; u̯ <nowiki><u></nowiki> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 404: | Line 404: | ||
! rowspan="3" | *r̥̄ | ! rowspan="3" | *r̥̄ | ||
! *rh₁ | ! *rh₁ | ||
| | | rā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *rh₂ | ! *rh₂ | ||
| | | rē | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *rh₃ | ! *rh₃ | ||
| | | rō | ||
|- | |||
! *r̥r !! *r̥r | |||
| er | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 23:58, 30 August 2013
| Harākti | |
|---|---|
| Harākti | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|xaˈɾaːkti]] |
| Created by | – |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | Old Harākti (?)
|
Harākti (harākti [xaˈɾaːkti]) is an Indo-European language. It is part of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages, although it differs extensivly from the rest of the Anatolian languages, which is the reason for some speculation regarding its place within the Indo-European family. The strognest argument placed forward in favour of Harākti being an Anatolian language is the fact that, like Hittite, it is a language that reflected some of the laryngeal sounds as consonants. Its verbal system likewise resembles that of Hittite, and the general symplicity of the declensional and conjugational systems is again a characteristic shared with the Anatolian languages.
Background
Phonology
The phonology of Harākti is a direct result of phonological changes or sound shifts from Proto-Indo-European. The majority of the changes are regular and can be tracked down to Proto-Indo-European and they have frequent cognates in modern Indo-European languages. In general, the phonology of the language is fairly simple, resembling the Hittite phonology system in terms of consonants and the Latin phonology system in terms of vowels.
Consonants
Harākti has a simple system of consonants - a total of 16 (or 18) consonants.
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialised | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | kʷ gʷ | ||
| Fricative | s | x ɣ | ||||
| Approximant | ʋ | (j) | (w) | |||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||
Note:
- the consonants /j/ and /w/ are usually analyzed as non-vocalic vowels /i̯/ and /u̯/.
Vowels
Harākti has a simple system of the basic 5 (cardinal) vowels. However, they can be either short or long, which brings the total number of vowels to 10.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Close-mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
| Open | a | aː | ||||
Note:
- the near-mid short vowels [e o] may be lowered to mid [e̞ o̞] or open-mid vowels [ɛ ɔ] when in unstressed possitions.
Phonotactics
Phonetic changes
The following two tables sum up (most of) the regular changes from Proto-Indo-European to Harākti.
| Consonants | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Indo-European | Harākti |
| *p | p |
| *t | t |
| *ḱ | k |
| *k | k |
| *kʷ | kʷ <ku> |
| *b | b |
| *d | d |
| *ǵ | g, x <h> |
| *g | g |
| *gʷ | gʷ <gu> |
| *bʰ | b |
| *dʰ | d |
| *ǵʰ | g |
| *gʰ | ɣ <gh> |
| *gʷʰ | ɣ <gh> |
| *s | s |
| *m | m |
| *-m | -n |
| *n | n |
| *l | l |
| *r | ɾ <r> |
| *i̯ | i̯ <i> |
| *u̯ | ʋ <v>; u̯ <u> |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| Trad. PIE | Laryngeal PIE | Harākti |
| *e | *e, *h₁e | e |
| *a | (*a), *h₂e | ha |
| *o | *h₃e | a, e, ha |
| *o | a, o | |
| *ə | *h₁ | a |
| *h₂ | ah, ha | |
| *h₃ | o, oh | |
| *- | *h₁- | a, Ø |
| *h₂- | ha | |
| *h₃- | ha | |
| *ē | *ē, *eh₁ | ē |
| *ā | (*ā), *eh₂ | ah |
| *ō | *ō, *eh₃ | ō |
| *i | *i | i |
| *ī | *ih₁ | ī |
| *ih₂ | ih | |
| *ih₃ | ī | |
| *ei | *ei, *h₁ei | ē |
| *oi | *oi, *h₃ei | ā |
| *ai | (*ai), *h₂ei | hā |
| *ēi | *ēi | ei |
| *ōi | *ōi (*oei) | o |
| *āi | *eh₂ei | ēh |
| *u | *u | u |
| *ū | *uh₁ | ū |
| *uh₂ | uh | |
| *uh₃ | ū | |
| *eu | *eu, *h₁eu | eu, ū |
| *ou | *ou,*h₃eu | ho |
| *au | (*au), *h₂eu | hau, hū |
| *ēu | *ēu | ē |
| *ōu | *ōu | ā |
| *m̥ | *m̥ | am, -ān |
| *m̥̅ | *mh₁ | mā |
| *mh₂ | mē | |
| *mh₃ | mō | |
| *m̥m | *m̥m | em |
| *n̥ | *n̥ | an |
| *n̥̄ | *nh₁ | nā |
| *nh₂ | nē | |
| *nh₃ | nō | |
| *n̥n | *n̥n | en |
| *l̥ | *l̥ | al |
| *l̥̄ | *lh₁ | lā |
| *lh₂ | lē | |
| *lh₃ | lō | |
| *l̥l | *l̥l | el |
| *r̥ | *r̥ | ar |
| *r̥̄ | *rh₁ | rā |
| *rh₂ | rē | |
| *rh₃ | rō | |
| *r̥r | *r̥r | er |
Orthography
The letter-to-sound ratio is virtually 1:1, with the exception of a digraph - see below:
| Letter | A | B | D | E | G | GH | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | a | b | d | e | g | ɣ | x | i | k | l | m | n | o | p | ɾ | s | t | u | ʋ |
| Letter | Ā | Ē | GU | Ī | KU | Ō | Ū | ||||||||||||
| Sound | aː | eː | gʷ | iː | kʷ | oː | uː | ||||||||||||
| Letter | I | U | |||||||||||||||||
| Sound | i̯ | u̯ |