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Kola: Difference between revisions
→Phonotactics
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*Velar/guttural or labial obstruent + coronal obstruent or /ʃ/ - e.g. /bd, kʼt, ħʃ, ʔs/ (some speakers may separate these with /ɨ/) | *Velar/guttural or labial obstruent + coronal obstruent or /ʃ/ - e.g. /bd, kʼt, ħʃ, ʔs/ (some speakers may separate these with /ɨ/) | ||
*Fricative + stop - e.g. /st, ftʼ, ʃkʼ/ | *Fricative + stop - e.g. /st, ftʼ, ʃkʼ/ | ||
Any other word-final cluster is broken with /ɨ/. Alternatively, a word-final /i/ may be added, especially in loanwords - e.g. ዓቅሊ ''qháqli'' /ˈʕakʼli/ "reason, common sense" (from Arabic عقل /ʕaql/). Many loanwords ending in two consonants add an ''-i'' even when not the cluster does not violate phonotactics - e.g. ከልቢ ''kä́lbi'' (from Arabic كلب /kalb/) <!-- were low -->. | Any other word-final cluster is broken with /ɨ/. Alternatively, a word-final /i/ may be added, especially in loanwords - e.g. ዓቅሊ ''qháqli'' /ˈʕakʼli/ "reason, common sense" (from Arabic عقل /ʕaql/). Many loanwords ending in two consonants add an ''-i'' even when not the cluster does not violate phonotactics - e.g. ከልቢ ''kä́lbi'' "dpg" (from Arabic كلب /kalb/)<!-- were low -->. | ||
Word-initially, a non-glottal stop can cluster with ''r'', a non-glottal and non-coronal stop can cluster with ''l'', and a non-guttural obstruent or nasal can cluster with ''y'' or ''w''. Still, these clusters may be separated with /ɨ/ in careful speech. | Word-initially, a non-glottal stop can cluster with ''r'', a non-glottal and non-coronal stop can cluster with ''l'', and a non-guttural obstruent or nasal can cluster with ''y'' or ''w''. Still, these clusters may be separated with /ɨ/ in careful speech. | ||
Within a word, most two-consonant clusters are allowed (in theory). Some clusters do not occur due to coalescence (e.g. ''l'' + ''r'' → ''rr''; ''t'' + ''d'' → ''dd'') Guttural consonants do not normally cluster with each other, except in some loanwords (where they often fuse anyway) - e.g. ማዕሃድ ''máqh'had'' /ˈmaʕhad/ "institute" (also ማሓድ ''máhhad'' /ˈmaħad/) <!-- were low -->. | Within a word, most two-consonant clusters are allowed (in theory). Some clusters do not occur due to coalescence (e.g. ''l'' + ''r'' → ''rr''; ''t'' + ''d'' → ''dd'') Guttural consonants do not normally cluster with each other, except in some loanwords (where they often fuse anyway) - e.g. ማዕሃድ ''máqh'had'' /ˈmaʕhad/ "institute" (also ማሓድ ''máhhad'' /ˈmaħad/)<!-- were low -->. | ||
Three-consonant clusters are allowed word-medially if they fulfill one of the following conditions: | Three-consonant clusters are allowed word-medially if they fulfill one of the following conditions: | ||
*The first two can cluster in word-final position and the last two can cluster in word-initial position - e.g. ጅንግሊዚ ''Jïn'glízi'' /d͡ʒɨŋˈɡlizi/ "English (language)" | *The first two can cluster in word-final position and the last two can cluster in word-initial position - e.g. ጅንግሊዚ ''Jïn'glízi'' /d͡ʒɨŋˈɡlizi/ "English (language)". | ||
*Cluster allowed in word-final position preceded or followed by a glide. | *Cluster allowed in word-final position preceded or followed by a glide. | ||
*Sonorant + homorganic obstruent + non-homorganic obstruent - e.g. /mpt, ŋks, nt͡ʃk/ | *Sonorant + homorganic obstruent + non-homorganic obstruent - e.g. /mpt, ŋks, nt͡ʃk/ | ||