7,028
edits
Kola: Difference between revisions
→Noun classes
| Line 1,084: | Line 1,084: | ||
|+ Noun classes | |+ Noun classes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Class !! rowspan="2" | Noun prefix !! colspan=" | ! rowspan="2" | Class !! rowspan="2" | Noun prefix !! colspan="6" | Concord prefixes<small><sup>1</sup></small> || rowspan="2" | Typical meaning(s)<small><sup>2</sup></small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! pronominal !! extended <br /> pronominal !! subject !! object !! adjective | ! pronominal !! extended <br /> pronominal !! relative !! subject !! object !! adjective | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| mï-; - || yï- || ye- || ya- || mï- || mï- || Humans*, kinship terms, personification*, animate* | | mï-; - || yï- || ye- || ya- || ya- || mï- || mï- || Humans*, kinship terms, personification*, animate* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| wä- || wä- || wo- || colspan="2" | wa- || wä- || Plural of class 1 | | wä- || wä- || wo- || wa- || colspan="2" | wa- || wä- || Plural of class 1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| mï- || wï- || wo- || colspan="2" | wu- || mï- || Plants (and derivatives)*, natural phenomena, <!--elongated objects, active things, motion, -->non-paired body parts, various* | | mï- || wï- || wo- || wa- || colspan="2" | wu- || mï- || Plants (and derivatives)*, natural phenomena, <!--elongated objects, active things, motion, -->non-paired body parts, various* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| Line 1,101: | Line 1,101: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| zï-; - || lï- || lo- || colspan="2" | li- || zï- || Augmentatives*, amelioratives*, paired body parts, natural phenomena, expanses, individual things found in groups, various* | | zï-; - || lï- || lo- || la- || colspan="2" | li- || zï- || Augmentatives*, amelioratives*, paired body parts, natural phenomena, expanses, individual things found in groups, various* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| mä- || yä- || yo- || colspan="2" | ya- || mä- || Plural of classes 5 & 14, mass nouns, collectives, collective actions | | mä- || yä- || yo- || ya- || colspan="2" | ya- || mä- || Plural of classes 5 & 14, mass nouns, collectives, collective actions | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| jï- || shï- || sho- || colspan="2" | shi- || jï- || Tools/artefacts, diminutives*, languages*, resemblance, amelioratives*, derogatives*, disabilities/diseases, various* | | jï- || shï- || sho- || sha- || colspan="2" | shi- || jï- || Tools/artefacts, diminutives*, languages*, resemblance, amelioratives*, derogatives*, disabilities/diseases, various* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| vï- || vï- || vo- || colspan="2" | vi- || vï- || Plural of class 7 | | vï- || vï- || vo- || va- || colspan="2" | vi- || vï- || Plural of class 7 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| ⁿ-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || yï- || yo- || colspan="2" | yi- || ⁿ- || Animals, inanimate, loanwords*, various* | | ⁿ-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || yï- || yo- || ya- || colspan="2" | yi- || ⁿ- || Animals, inanimate, loanwords*, various* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| ⁿ-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || ĵï- || ĵo- || colspan="2" | ĵi- || ⁿ- || Plural of classes 9 & 11 | | ⁿ-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || ĵï- || ĵo- || ĵa- || colspan="2" | ĵi- || ⁿ- || Plural of classes 9 & 11 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| lï- || lï- || lo- || colspan="2" | lu- || lï- || Abstract, manner/way/culture*, localized mass nouns, long or broad objects | | lï- || lï- || lo- || lwa- || colspan="2" | lu- || lï- || Abstract, manner/way/culture*, localized mass nouns, long or broad objects | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| gä- || gä- || go- || colspan="2" | ga- || gä- || Diminutives*, derogatives*, amelioratives*, various | | gä- || gä- || go- || ga- || colspan="2" | ga- || gä- || Diminutives*, derogatives*, amelioratives*, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| dï- || dï- || do- || colspan="2" | du- || dï- || Plural of class 12 | | dï- || dï- || do- || dwa- || colspan="2" | du- || dï- || Plural of class 12 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| wï-; ïw-<small><sup>4</sup></small> || wï- || wo- || colspan="2" | wu- || wï- || Abstract*, countries/lands*, location terms* | | wï-; ïw-<small><sup>4</sup></small> || wï- || wo- || wa- || colspan="2" | wu- || wï- || Abstract*, countries/lands*, location terms* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| g(w/ï)-<small><sup>5</sup></small> || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Infinitives & verbal nouns* | | g(w/ï)-<small><sup>5</sup></small> || g(w/ï)- || go- || gwa- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Infinitives & verbal nouns* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| bä- || bä- || bo- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Specific/definite location*, "at/on/by"*, "from"*, "against"*, "to the detriment of"*, ablative*, instrumental* | | bä- || bä- || bo- || ba- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Specific/definite location*, "at/on/by"*, "from"*, "against"*, "to the detriment of"*, ablative*, instrumental* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Nonspecific/approximate location*, direction/destination*, recepient*, "for/to"*, "to the benefit of"*, plural of class 16 | | g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || go- || gwa- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Nonspecific/approximate location*, direction/destination*, recepient*, "for/to"*, "to the benefit of"*, plural of class 16 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 18 | ! 18 | ||
| mu- || mu- || mo- || colspan="2" | mu- || mu- || Internal location*, "in"* | | mu- || mu- || mo- || dwa- || colspan="2" | mu- || mu- || Internal location*, "in"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,146: | Line 1,146: | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
<small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Most other words use pronominal concords. The extended pronominal concords are used to form pronouns (see [[Kola#Pronouns|pronouns]]) and with quantifiers - e.g. ዎቸ ''wócä'' "all (animate pl.)" (stem: ''-cä'') <!-- maybe low -->. | <small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Most other words use pronominal concords. The extended pronominal concords are used to form pronouns (see [[Kola#Pronouns|pronouns]]) and with quantifiers - e.g. ዎቸ ''wócä'' "all (animate pl.)" (stem: ''-cä'') <!-- maybe low -->. The relative concords are used for relativized verbs and possessives. | ||
Using the full set of concord prefixes is considered formal and old-fashioned, and they are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 9/10 (most common), 5/6, or some combination (e.g. 9/6). When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix may be omitted in colloquial contexts.<!-- With verbs, class 16-18 prefixes are used even in informal language; others are replaced with animacy concords.--> | Using the full set of concord prefixes is considered formal and old-fashioned, and they are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 9/10 (most common), 5/6, or some combination (e.g. 9/6). When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix may be omitted in colloquial contexts.<!-- With verbs, class 16-18 prefixes are used even in informal language; others are replaced with animacy concords.--> | ||