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→Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)
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==Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)== | ==Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)== | ||
''It should be noted that many of these changes preceded what we think of as "Proto-Germanic" or "Common Germanic," but I include them here because they have important phonological or orthographic information, or because the same changes occurred in different ways in East Germanic and North-West Germanic.'' | |||
===First Umlaut=== | ===First Umlaut=== | ||
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</big> | </big> | ||
''/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.'' | *''/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.'' | ||
'''Stage 2.''' | '''Stage 2.''' | ||
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</big> | </big> | ||
''/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.'' | *''/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.'' | ||
(Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.) | (Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.) | ||
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===/ŋ/-Deletion=== | ===/ŋ/-Deletion=== | ||
<big>Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh</big | |||
''A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).'' | *''A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).'' | ||
===Intervocalic Spirantization=== | ===Intervocalic Spirantization=== | ||
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</big> | </big> | ||
''A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.'' | *''A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.'' | ||
===EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut=== | ===EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut=== | ||
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</big> | </big> | ||
''/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/'' | *''/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/'' | ||
===Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/=== | ===Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/=== | ||
<big> | <big> | ||
ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]C<sub>o</sub># | ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]C<sub>o</sub># | ||
</big> | </big> | ||
*''Has to precede Mora Loss'' | |||
===Mora Loss=== | ===Mora Loss=== | ||
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</big> | </big> | ||
''A non-strident coronal obstruent (i.e. /t, þ, d/, but not /s, z/) is deleted'' after an unstressed vowel when word-final. (One or more consonants - probably sonorants - may intervene between the unstressed vowel and the word-final consonant.)'' | *''A non-strident coronal obstruent (i.e. /t, þ, d/, but not /s, z/) is deleted'' after an unstressed vowel when word-final. (One or more consonants - probably sonorants - may intervene between the unstressed vowel and the word-final consonant.)'' | ||
E.g.<br /> | E.g.<br /> | ||
* ‘ten’, ‘honey’, ‘from behind’ | |||
* PIE *déḱm̥t, *mélit, *h₂epóteroṓd > | |||
* PGmc *téhund, *míliþ, *áfterôt > | |||
* EGmc *téhun_, *míli_, *áfterô_ > | |||
* Gothic ''taihun'', ''*mili'', ''aftarō'' | |||
====Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion==== | ====Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion==== | ||
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</big> | </big> | ||
''a) Unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted if following a long stressed syllable when word-final or when followed by word-final /z/.''<br /> | *''a) Unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted if following a long stressed syllable when word-final or when followed by word-final /z/.''<br /> | ||
''b) Any unstressed short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i, u/) is deleted after an unstressed syllable when word-final or when followed by word-final /z/.''<br /> | *''b) Any unstressed short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i, u/) is deleted after an unstressed syllable when word-final or when followed by word-final /z/.''<br /> | ||
''c) (Later), unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted when word-final. | *''c) (Later), unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted when word-final. | ||
E.g.<br /> | E.g.<br /> | ||
* ‘fear’, ‘I have seen’ (> ‘I know’), ‘day’; ‘son’ | |||
* PIE *ā́gʰes, *wóido, *dʰegʷʰos; *suHnús > | |||
* PGmc *ṓgiz, *waita, *dagaz; *sunuz > | |||
* EGmc *ōg_z, *wait_, *dag_z; *sunuz > | |||
* Gothic ''ōgs'', ''*wait'', ''dags'', but ''sunus''. | |||
====Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening==== | ====Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening==== | ||
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''Unstressed long vowels are shortened when word-final.'' | ''Unstressed long vowels are shortened when word-final.'' | ||
E.g. | E.g. | ||
* ‘I carry’, ‘day’ (''instr.'') | |||
* PIE *bʰérō, *dʰogʰʷṓ > | |||
* PGmc *bérō, *dágō > | |||
Gothic ''baira'', ''daga'' | * EGmc *bero, *dago > | ||
* Gothic ''baira'', ''daga'' | |||
==Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)== | ==Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)== | ||