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Soenjoan: Difference between revisions
→Nouns
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* "jug(<small>NOM</small>), jug (<small>ACC</small>), the jug" – *lata, *latar, *lata-indɯ > ''lŏta, lŏtaa, lateen'' (short vowel, therefore no consonant reduction. The a>ŏ change is another alternation, but regular and unrelated, peculiar to Soenjoan, cf. Kuyugwazian > ''lat, latŭr, latŭn''). | * "jug(<small>NOM</small>), jug (<small>ACC</small>), the jug" – *lata, *latar, *lata-indɯ > ''lŏta, lŏtaa, lateen'' (short vowel, therefore no consonant reduction. The a>ŏ change is another alternation, but regular and unrelated, peculiar to Soenjoan, cf. Kuyugwazian > ''lat, latŭr, latŭn''). | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Soenjoan nouns are inflected, mostly agglutinatively, for eight cases and two numbers (singular and plural): | |||
Note that in all forms where an alternative is given between -y- and -u-, the -u- one is used after labial consonants, the -y- one otherwise. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! (singular) form !! consonant stem, no reduction<br/>''bulym'' "house" !! consonant stem with reduction<br/>''liet'' "milk" !! -a vowel stem<br/>''jŏla'' "fish" !! Other vowel stem<br/>''mire'' "woman" | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| (lemma form) || bulym || liet || jŏla || mire | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| -yr/-ur (cons. stems)<br/>-ː (vowel stems) || bulymur || liedyr || jŏlaa || miree | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| -yn/-n || bulymyn || liedyn || jŏlan || miren | |||
|- | |||
! Partitive | |||
| -a || bulyma || lieda || jŏlaa || mirea | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| -tüü || bulymtüü || lietüü || jŏlatüü || miretüü | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| -yryŋ/-uruŋ/-jyryŋ || bulymuruŋ || liedyryŋ || jŏlajyryŋ || mirejyryŋ | |||
|- | |||
! Prolative | |||
| -ur/-r || bulymur || liedur || jŏlar || mirer | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| -vyšyl || bulymvyšyl || lietvyšyl || jŏlavyšyl || mirevyšyl | |||
|} | |||
Some vowel stem nouns are actually former consonant stems and decline as such except for the accusative and partitive: these are known as "hybrid declensions". One such noun is ''jurka'' "friend" = ''jurjaa'', ''jurjyn'', ''jurjaa'', ''jurktüü'', ''jurkyryŋ'', ''jurkur'', ''jurkvyšyl''. | |||
The nominative-accusative plural is formed by adding ''-üün'' (consonant stems) or ''-jün'' (vowel stems; but those in ''-e'' or ''-i'' have the consonant stem inflection which combines with the vowel to form ''-öö-''), e.g. ''bulymüün'', ''jurjüün'' "friends", ''jŏlajün'', ''miröön''. | |||
The partitive plural is formed by adding ''-ulaa'' (transforming into ''-öölaa'' for ''-e'' and ''-i'' vowel stems), e.g. ''bulymulaa'', ''jurjulaa'', ''jŏlaulaa'', ''miröölaa''. | |||
The plural forms of other cases are formed by adding ''-uu-'' (without consonant reduction!; ''-u-'' (''-öö-'') for vowel stems) and then the singular ending, e.g. ''bulymuun'', ''bulymuutüü'', ''jurkuujyryŋ'', ''jŏlaur'', ''miröövyšyl''. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||