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[[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
 
[[Proto-Quihum/Swadesh list]]
 
'''Proto-Quihum''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of all [[Quihum languages]]. It's inspired by Proto-Indo-European. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Wiobian]], and [[Sjowaazheñ]].
 
 
==Todo==
 
==Overview==
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of scholars.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t, *c'''
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *dz'''
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
| '''*ɢ'''
| '''*ɢʷ'''
|
|-
! |<small>breathy voiced</small>
| '''*bʰ'''
| '''*dʰ, *dzʰ'''
|
| '''*gʰ'''
| '''*gʷʰ'''
| '''*ɢʰ'''
| '''*ɢʷʰ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''*s'''
|
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*x̌''' /χ/
| '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
| '''*h'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
| '''*l, *r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''
|
| '''*u ū'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a *ā'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
 
===Phonotactics===
Rules:
*When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German).
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb "binyanim"
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: verbal noun
*''u''-grade
*''∅''-grade: verbal noun; many derived stems
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Nominals===
Nouns had:
* two states: absolute and construct.
* two cases: nominative and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
 
There was a noun class system with 10 noun classes.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Noun class 1====
Animate masculine.
 
====Noun class 2====
Animate feminine.
 
====Noun class 3====
====Noun class 4====
====Noun class 5====
====Noun class 6====
====Noun class 7====
====Noun class 8====
====Noun class 9====
====Noun class 10====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
Should be Native American-ish
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Finite voiced verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only participles can.
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
 
==Some etyma==
*''wel-í-'' = name
**Ablauted forms: ''wel-ə́y-''/''wel-yə́-''
*''stup-'' = fire
*''wjénəqʷ-'' = water
*''-əx̌-'' = causative or intensive of a verb
**Verbalizer ''-ā-'' in Talmic
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
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