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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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The comment's structure could be described as OSV, but the definition of subject and object does not apply fully to Chlouvānem. '''S''' is whatever agrees with the verb, i.e. the triggered argument, called ''tadgerenimišas'' or simply ''imišas'' in Chlouvānem. '''O''', in this broad scheme, stands for any other argument ("object" and oblique ones). Anyway, OSV is a rough but good approximation for that as (see example sentences 3 to 5 below) the closest argument to the verb is the agent when non-triggered in a sentence with unmarked topic, or the direct argument in a sentence with explicit topic. The verb complex always comes in last position in a sentence, except for some particles (notably the interrogative ''dam''). | The comment's structure could be described as OSV, but the definition of subject and object does not apply fully to Chlouvānem. '''S''' is whatever agrees with the verb, i.e. the triggered argument, called ''tadgerenimišas'' or simply ''imišas'' in Chlouvānem. '''O''', in this broad scheme, stands for any other argument ("object" and oblique ones). Anyway, OSV is a rough but good approximation for that as (see example sentences 3 to 5 below) the closest argument to the verb is the agent when non-triggered in a sentence with unmarked topic, or the direct argument in a sentence with explicit topic. The verb complex always comes in last position in a sentence, except for some particles (notably the interrogative ''dam''). | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = maikām saṃhārmæ yąlē. | |||
| gloss = papaya.<small>DIR.SG</small>. boy-<small>ERG.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = The papaya is being eaten by a boy. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = saṃhāram maikāmu yąlegde. | |||
| gloss = boy.<small>DIR.SG</small>. papaya-<small>ACC.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = The boy is eating a papaya. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ukyā maikāmu saṃhārmæ yąlērā. | |||
| gloss = treetrunk.<small>DIR.SG</small>. papaya-<small>ACC.SG</small>. boy-<small>ERG.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. | |||
| translation = A boy is eating a papaya [sitting] on the treetrunk. ''<small>(or: *the treetrunk is being eaten a papaya on by the boy.)</small>'' | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = jubdhā maikāmu saṃhārmæ yąlēmǣ. | |||
| gloss = pair_of_chopsticks.<small>DIR.SG</small>. papaya-<small>ACC.SG</small>. boy-<small>ERG.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR-INSTR</small>. | |||
| translation = A boy is eating [pieces of] papaya with chopsticks. ''<small>(or: *the chopsticks are being eaten [pieces of] papaya with by the boy.)</small>'' | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lilyā ñæltah mæn lære lunaikeike lalteh gun ē ša. | |||
| gloss = <small>1SG.POSS-ERG</small>. sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. yesterday. tea_house-<small>LOC.SG</small>. friend.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>NEG</small>=be.<small>IND.PAST.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = As for my sister, her friend wasn't at the tea house yesterday. ''<small>(''interpreted as:'' My sister didn't meet her friend at the tea house yesterday.)</small>'' | |||
}} | |||
Non-verb-final word orders are possible, but are practically only ever used in poetry in order to fit into particular metres. | Non-verb-final word orders are possible, but are practically only ever used in poetry in order to fit into particular metres. | ||
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Note that temporal complements may, in certain circumstances, act as unmarked topics themselves. In that case, the structure followed is the same as for sentences with explicit topics, i.e. with the direct argument immediately preceding the verb. | Note that temporal complements may, in certain circumstances, act as unmarked topics themselves. In that case, the structure followed is the same as for sentences with explicit topics, i.e. with the direct argument immediately preceding the verb. | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = buneyi lenta lili mæn lalla alanaleilye maihadhūt nali talaitūmap kurūṣarthom murkadhāna ilivāltate. | |||
| gloss = female's_older_sister-<small>GEN.SG</small>. together_with. <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. next. alanaleilē-<small>LOC.SG</small>. parents-<small>DIR.DU</small>. for. canoe-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. Kurūṣartha-<small>DAT</small>. Inquisitor.<small>DIR.SG.</small>. guide-<small>IND.FUTINT.3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = My older sister and I, on the coming Alanaleilē<ref>Twelfth day of the second lunar phase, one of six full rest days every lunar month.</ref>, as for our parents' will, will be guided by an Inquisitor on our canoe trip to Kurūṣartha. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lære prājamne lārvājuṣom lili pīdhvu. | |||
| gloss = yesterday. evening-<small>LOC.SG</small>. temple-<small>DAT.SG</small>. <small>1SG.DIR</small>. walk.<small>MULTIDIR.PAST-IND.1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = Yesterday [in the] evening I went to the temple on foot. | |||
}} | |||
==Explicit and unmarked topic== | ==Explicit and unmarked topic== | ||