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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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===Genitive case=== | ===Genitive case=== | ||
The genitive case (''cārūkire dirūnnevya'') is most commonly used to express simple possession and always comes before the possessed noun (except for poetry): | The genitive case (''cārūkire dirūnnevya'') is most commonly used to express simple possession and always comes before the possessed noun (except for poetry): | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nunū lilyai buneyi jṛṣṇa. | |||
| gloss = that.<small>MED.DIR</small>. my-<small>GEN</small>. female's_older_sister-<small>GEN.SG</small>. backpack.<small>DIR.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = That is my older sister's backpack. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nenē hilyamāmi yaivų vāndarlire daṃṣrāṇa. | |||
| gloss = this.<small>DIR</small>. Hilyamāmah-<small>GEN</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. be_famous-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. palace.<small>DIR.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = This is Hilyamāmah's most famous palace. | |||
}} | |||
The genitive forms of pronouns are peculiar as they decline for case when used attributively: | The genitive forms of pronouns are peculiar as they decline for case when used attributively: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lilyā nacai | |||
| gloss = my.<small>DIR</small>. cloth-<small>DIR.PL</small>. | |||
| translation = my clothes | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lilyai nacumi | |||
| gloss = my-<small>GEN</small>. cloth-<small>GEN.PL</small>. | |||
| translation = of my clothes | |||
}} | |||
A common use of the genitive is to express possession, i.e. what would be translated by the English verb "to have" (there is a Chlouvānem verb, ''cārake'', which is translated as "to have, possess", but it is mostly used in legal or literary contexts, or set phrases). This is especially often done when the possessor is not an explicit topic (as in the second example). | A common use of the genitive is to express possession, i.e. what would be translated by the English verb "to have" (there is a Chlouvānem verb, ''cārake'', which is translated as "to have, possess", but it is mostly used in legal or literary contexts, or set phrases). This is especially often done when the possessor is not an explicit topic (as in the second example). | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = kvyāti giṣṭarire lalāruṇa. | |||
| gloss = hero-<small>GEN.SG</small>. be_young-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. lalāruṇa.<small>DIR.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = The hero has a young lalāruṇa. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lili mæn pogi gu cūllanagdha ē. | |||
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. village-<small>GEN.SG</small>. no. velodrome.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PAST.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = My village used not to have a velodrome. | |||
}} | |||
It is very common for English adjectives to correspond to Chlouvānem genitive nouns: | It is very common for English adjectives to correspond to Chlouvānem genitive nouns: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = dāšikī daša | |||
| gloss = monsoon-<small>GEN.SG</small>. rain.<small>DIR.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = monsonic rain | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = chlǣvānumi dhāḍa | |||
| gloss = Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language.<small>DIR.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = Chlouvānem language | |||
}} | |||
A few intransitive verbs require an argument expressed in the genitive, most commonly ''ḍhūke'' (to remember): | A few intransitive verbs require an argument expressed in the genitive, most commonly ''ḍhūke'' (to remember): | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nanyā ḍhvęru. | |||
| gloss = <small>2SG.HIGHER.GEN</small>. remember-<small>IND.PRES.1SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. | |||
| translation = I remember you. | |||
}} | |||
===Stative cases=== | ===Stative cases=== | ||