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Sixth Linguifex Relay/Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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The language is neither an Ergative-Absolutive language, like Minhast, nor is it a Active-Stative language, like Nahónda. Instead, Nankôre is a Direct-Inverse language, where a nominal hierarchy determines the syntactic role of core arguments. The nominal hierarchy is complex; at least ten noun classes based on animacy can be identified, and within those classes sub-hierarchies are observed based on semantic features, although discourse processes (e.g. the introduction of new arguments that are roughly equal in animacy with previously established arguments) may affect how direct-inverse marking is expressed. | The language is neither an Ergative-Absolutive language, like Minhast, nor is it a Active-Stative language, like Nahónda. Instead, Nankôre is a Direct-Inverse language, where a nominal hierarchy determines the syntactic role of core arguments. The nominal hierarchy is complex; at least ten noun classes based on animacy can be identified, and within those classes sub-hierarchies are observed based on semantic features, although discourse processes (e.g. the introduction of new arguments that are roughly equal in animacy with previously established arguments) may affect how direct-inverse marking is expressed. | ||
More information about the grammar can be found in the [[Nankôre]] | More information about the grammar can be found in the [[Nankôre|Nankôre wiki]] and the [[Sixth_Linguifex_Relay/Nankôre#Additional_Notes|supplementary grammar notes]] on this page . Readers are directed to the sections dealing with the [[Nankôre#The_Nominal_Hierarchy|animacy hierarchy]] and familiarize themselves with the direct-inverse marking system of the copula, as well as the [[Nankôre#The_Verb_Complex|verb complex]]. | ||
== Nankôre Text == | == Nankôre Text == | ||
Yoray, rasneskoro, kantómašak yistá', sikoryak itá';<br/> | |||
Sipaisi Tipāré šaroc hakór nitá';<br/> | |||
Šokankór intá', šaroc iyayay itá', šekah;<br/> | |||
Pakornene, yuki kantó kaniskoro royuki itá' | Pakornene šorika itá', yuki kantó kaniskoro royuki itá';<br/> | ||
Kaniskoro | Kaniskoro cercokór ita', ocerokór yoray ita', šoysak ita',<br/> | ||
Nan yistá'. | Nan yistá'. | ||
== Interlinear Gloss == | == Interlinear Gloss == | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Yoray, rasneskoro, kantómašak yistá', sikoryak itá'; | ||
| IPA = jo'ɾaɪ ɾaʃ'neʃkoɾo kan'tomaʃak jiʃ'taʔ ʃɪ'koɾjak | | IPA = jo'ɾaɪ ɾaʃ'neʃkoɾo kan'tomaʃak jiʃ'taʔ ʃɪ'koɾjak ʔɪ'taʔ | ||
| morphemes = yorai rasne=skoro kantó-mas=ak yistá-' si=kôre=ak itá-' | | morphemes = yorai rasne=skoro kantó-mas=ak yistá-' si=kôre=ak itá-' | ||
| gloss = DIST.PST thing=DEM.PROX happy-ASSERT=1S INCH-DIR.PRS.COP-LS CONN=speak=1S DIR.PRS.COP-LS | | gloss = DIST.PST thing=DEM.PROX happy-ASSERT=1S INCH-DIR.HS.PRS.COP-LS CONN=speak=1S DIR.HS.PRS.COP-LS | ||
| translation = | | translation = | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Sipaisi Tipāré šaroc hakór nitá'; | ||
| IPA = ʃipaɪʃi tɪpa:'ɾɛ ɦa'koɾ nɪ'taʔ | | IPA = ʃipaɪʃi tɪpa:'ɾɛ 'ʃaɾotʃ ɦa'koɾ nɪ'taʔ | ||
| morphemes = Si=Paishi Tipāré ha-kór n-itá-' | | morphemes = Si=Paishi Tipāré šaroc ha-kór n-itá-' | ||
| gloss = CONN=[PN] come-EVID.HEAR DIR.PST-COP-LS | | gloss = CONN=[PN].HA earth.LA come-EVID.HEAR DIR.HS.PST-COP-LS | ||
| translation = | | translation = | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase =Šokankór intá', šaroc iyayay itá', šekah; | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = ʃokan'koɾ ʔɪn'taʔ ʃa'ɾotʃ ɪjajaɪ ʔɪ'taʔ ʃɛkaɦ | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = šokam-kór intá-', šaroc iya-yay itá-' si=ekah | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = thank-EVID.HEAR DIR.HP.PRS.COP-LS world save-EVID.INF DIR-HS.PRS.COP-LS CONN=reason | ||
| translation = | | translation = | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Pakornene, yuki kantó kaniskoro royuki itá'; | |phrase = Pakornene šorika itá', yuki kantó kaniskoro royuki itá'; | ||
| IPA = pakoɾ'nene | | IPA = pakoɾ'nene ʃorika ʔɪ'taʔ juki kan'to ka'nɪʃkoɾo ɾo'juki ʔɪ'taʔ | ||
| morphemes = pakor-anene | | morphemes = pakor-anene šori=ka itá-' yuki kantó kani=skoro ro-yuki itá-' | ||
| gloss = need-EVID.DUB, arm.HA happy.LA location=DEM.PROX remove-arm DIR.PRS.COP-LS | | gloss = need-EVID.DUB see=2S DIR.HS.PRS.COP-LS, arm.HA happy.LA location=DEM.PROX remove-arm DIR.HS.PRS.COP-LS | ||
| translation = | | translation = | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Kaniskoro cercokór ita', ocerokór | |phrase = Kaniskoro cercokór ita', ocerokór yoray ita', šoysak ita', | ||
| IPA = ka'nɪʃkoɾo tʃeɾtʃo'koɾ | | IPA = ka'nɪʃkoɾo tʃeɾtʃo'koɾ ʔɪ'taʔ otʃeɾo'koɾ joɾaɪ ʔɪ'taʔ ʃoɪsak ʔɪ'taʔ | ||
| morphemes = kani=skoro cerco-kór ita-' ocero-kór yorai ita-' si=oysak ita-' | | morphemes = kani=skoro cerco-kór ita-' ocero-kór yorai ita-' si=oysak ita-' | ||
| gloss = location=DEM.PROX dwell-EVID.HEAR narrate-EVID.HEAR DIST.PST DIR.PRS | | gloss = location=DEM.PROX dwell-EVID.HEAR narrate-EVID.HEAR DIST.PST DIR.HS.PRS.COP-LS CONN=rain.fall.down DIR.HS.PRS.COP-LS | ||
| translation = | | translation = | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase = Nan yistá'. | |phrase = Nan yistá'. | ||
| IPA = nan jɪʃ'taʔ | | IPA = nan jɪʃ'taʔ | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = nan yis-itá-'. | ||
| gloss = man INCH-DIR.PRS.COP-LS | | gloss = man INCH-DIR.PRS.COP-LS | ||
| translation = | | translation = | ||
}} | }} | ||
== | == Supplementary Grammar Notes== | ||
# In intransitive clauses, the copula | A few grammatical notes regarding the Nankôre text worth mentioning: | ||
# In transitive clauses, high animate core arguments are considered Agents by default. Low animate core arguments acting as Agents license the Inverse marker ''ta-''; the Inverse marker cliticizes to the initial verb of the verb complex, and is also prefixed to the copula; the low animate argument is thus doubly marked by the Inverse marker. | |||
# In intransitive clauses, the copula marks the single core argument with the Direct forms only. | |||
# In transitive clauses, high animate core arguments are considered Agents by default. Low animate core arguments acting as Agents license the Inverse marker ''ta-''; the Inverse marker cliticizes to the initial verb of the verb complex, and is also prefixed to the copula; the low animate argument is thus doubly marked by the Inverse marker. Because the nominal animacy hierarchy is complex, core arguments will be marked with <u>HA</u> to mark the higher animate argument, and <u>LA</u> to mark the lower animate argument. | |||
# The pronominal animacy hierarchy is: 1st >> 2nd >> 3rd. However, note that plural 3rd person arguments outrank all singular arguments. | # The pronominal animacy hierarchy is: 1st >> 2nd >> 3rd. However, note that plural 3rd person arguments outrank all singular arguments. | ||
# The present tense, when used as a narrative tense, often refers to past events. Adverbial markers referring to the distal past, such as ''yorai'', may thus appear with a present tense copula. | # The present tense, when used as a narrative tense, often refers to past events. Adverbial markers referring to the distal past, such as ''yorai'', may thus appear with a present tense copula. | ||
# Rather than using cases or adpositions to indicate non-core thematic relations, Nankôre employs [[Nankôre#Directional-Positional_Coverbs|coverbs ]] in verb serialization constructions. | # Rather than using cases or adpositions to indicate non-core thematic relations, Nankôre employs [[Nankôre#Directional-Positional_Coverbs|coverbs ]] in verb serialization constructions. | ||
# The Connective ''si='' is used to bind dependents to their heads. | # The Connective ''si='' is used to bind dependents to their heads. It may work at the phrasal level, such as in possessive constructions, e.g. ''Koykare si=naho ras'', "The boy's mother", or at the clausal level, e.g. ''Makse cire itá, si=rihat cire sip'itá', si=ekah'', "lit: The mouse died, the hawk killed it was the reason." | ||
More information about the grammar can be found in the [[Nankôre]] | More information about the grammar can be found in the [[Nankôre|Nankôre wiki]]. Readers are directed to the sections dealing with the [[Nankôre#The_Nominal_Hierarchy|animacy hierarchy]] and familiarize themselves with the direct-inverse marking system of the [[Nankôre#The_Copula|copula]], as well as the [[Nankôre#The_Verb_Complex|verb complex]]. | ||
== Glossing Key == | == Glossing Key == | ||
| Line 91: | Line 93: | ||
EVID.DUB = Dubitative evidential<br/> | EVID.DUB = Dubitative evidential<br/> | ||
EVID.HEAR = Hearsay evidential<br/> | EVID.HEAR = Hearsay evidential<br/> | ||
EVID.INF= Inferential evidential<br/> | |||
HA = High Animate core argument<br/> | HA = High Animate core argument<br/> | ||
HP = High Animate Plural core argument<br/> | HP = High Animate Plural core argument<br/> | ||
HS = High Animate Singular core argument<br/> | |||
INCH = Inchoative<br/> | INCH = Inchoative<br/> | ||
INV = Inverse Voice<br/> | INV = Inverse Voice<br/> | ||