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Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) (→Nouns) |
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) (→Nouns) |
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||ta āmid | ||ta āmid | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1sg abs | | <span style="font-variant: small-caps">1sg '''abs'''</span> | ||
||prox river | ||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prox</span> river | ||
||prg stand | ||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prg</span> stand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| I | | '''I''' | ||
||by river | ||by river | ||
||am.standing | ||am.standing | ||
|} | |} | ||
‘'''I''' am standing by the river.’ | |||
===Ergative=== | ===Ergative=== | ||
The counterpart to absolutive is ergative. Any noun which takes a direct object must be marked with the particle ''ī''. (This particle is always paired with another noun phrase containing the particle ''ā'', and vice versa.) | The counterpart to absolutive is ergative. Any noun which takes a direct object must be marked with the particle ''ī''. (This particle is always paired with another noun phrase containing the particle ''ā'', and vice versa.) | ||
''Kāl '''ī''' chā ā ijun, kū’k plīnum t’āmīd.'' | |||
{| | |||
| kāl '''ī''' | |||
||chā ''ā'' | |||
||ijun | |||
||kū | |||
||uk plīnum | |||
||ta āmīd | |||
|- | |||
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">2sg '''erg'''</span> | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">1sg ''obj''</span> | |||
||see | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">rel.abs</span> | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prox</span> river | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prg</span> stand | |||
|- | |||
| '''You''' | |||
||''me'' | |||
||see | |||
||which | |||
||by river | |||
||am.standing | |||
|} | |||
‘You see me standing by the river.’ | |||
===Accusative=== | ===Accusative=== | ||
The accusative (or direct object) of any verb is marked with the particle ''ā''. (This particle is always paired with another noun phrase containing the particle ''ī'', and vice versa.) | The accusative (or direct object) of any verb is marked with the particle ''ā''. (This particle is always paired with another noun phrase containing the particle ''ī'', and vice versa.) | ||
''Yaum ''ī'' juchī '''ā''' jai’dwam.'' | |||
{| | |||
| yaum ''ī'' | |||
||juchī '''ā''' | |||
||jai idwam | |||
|- | |||
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">3pl ''erg''</span> | |||
||meat <span style="font-variant: small-caps">'''acc'''</span> | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">neg</span> eat | |||
|- | |||
| ''They'' | |||
||'''meat''' | |||
||not eat | |||
|} | |||
‘''They'' do not eat '''meat'''.’ | |||
===Genitive=== | ===Genitive=== | ||
The genitive particle ''au'' indicates that the noun belongs to, is a part of, or is related to another noun. The genitive particle can be thought of as equivalent to the English clitic ''’s'', though it has a few different uses as well, such as forming the possessive pronouns (‘my’, ‘her’, ‘their’, &c), or translating the words ‘of’ or ‘from’. | The genitive particle ''au'' indicates that the noun belongs to, is a part of, or is related to another noun. The genitive particle can be thought of as equivalent to the English clitic ''’s'', though it has a few different uses as well, such as forming the possessive pronouns (‘my’, ‘her’, ‘their’, &c), or translating the words ‘of’ or ‘from’. | ||
''Īmmikanā ī chāttur '''au''' chā'''’u''' brūk ā jik kamū.'' | |||
{| | |||
| īmmikanā ī | |||
||chāttur '''au''' | |||
||chā '''au''' | |||
||brūk ā | |||
||jik kamū | |||
|- | |||
| wife <span style="font-variant: small-caps">erg</span> | |||
||brother <span style="font-variant: small-caps">'''gen'''</span> | |||
||1sg <span style="font-variant: small-caps">'''gen'''</span> | |||
||stone <span style="font-variant: small-caps">acc</span> | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">pst.pft</span> take | |||
|- | |||
| wife | |||
||'''of'''-brother | |||
||'''of'''-me | |||
||stone | |||
||took | |||
|} | |||
‘'''My''' brother'''’s''' wife took the stone.’ | |||
===Dative=== | ===Dative=== | ||
The dative particle ''ai'' indicates that the noun is an indirect object of some kind. The dative case is a bit ambiguous in most languages, and can often be replaced by various prepositions (such as ‘to’, ‘for’, or ‘towards’). | The dative particle ''ai'' indicates that the noun is an indirect object of some kind. The dative case is a bit ambiguous in most languages, and can often be replaced by various prepositions (such as ‘to’, ‘for’, or ‘towards’). | ||
''Yun ī brūk ā yaunīllah '''ai''' gaillāk.'' | |||
{| | |||
| yun ī | |||
||brūk ā | |||
||yaunīllah '''ai''' | |||
||gaillāk | |||
|- | |||
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">3sg erg</span> | |||
||stone <span style="font-variant: small-caps">acc</span> | |||
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">3pl.child '''dat'''</span> | |||
||give | |||
|- | |||
| She | |||
||stone | |||
||'''to'''-them | |||
||gives | |||
|} | |||
‘She gives the stone '''to''' them (her children).’ | |||
===Oblique=== | ===Oblique=== | ||
Finally, the oblique case (also called the prepositional case) is used when a noun is preceded by a preposition, or is otherwise not followed by any of the above adpositions. | Finally, the oblique case (also called the prepositional case) is used when a noun is preceded by a preposition, or is otherwise not followed by any of the above adpositions. | ||
'''''Nu''' irruntutim.'' | |||
{| | |||
| '''nu''' | |||
||irruntutim | |||
|- | |||
| '''with''' | |||
||cold | |||
|} | |||
‘It (the weather) is very cold.’ | |||
==Swadesh List== | ==Swadesh List== |