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===Breathy-voiced vowels vs. /Vɦ/ sequences=== | ===Breathy-voiced vowels vs. /Vɦ/ sequences=== | ||
Breathy-voiced vowels are closely related to /Vɦ/ sequences as, in many cases, instances of the latter are what historically created the former. In Chlouvānem saṃdhi, /Vɦ/ sequences at the end of a morpheme become /V̤/ when followed by a consonant and, viceversa, breathy-voiced vowels become /Vɦ/ sequences when followed by a vowel. This is especially notable in declension and conjugation: | Breathy-voiced vowels are closely related to {{IPA|/Vɦ/}} sequences as, in many cases, instances of the latter are what historically created the former. In Chlouvānem saṃdhi, {{IPA|/Vɦ/}} sequences at the end of a morpheme become {{IPA|/V̤/}} when followed by a consonant and, viceversa, breathy-voiced vowels become {{IPA|/Vɦ/}} sequences when followed by a vowel. This is especially notable in declension and conjugation: | ||
: ''mailtvąa'' /maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋäɦä/ "waters", stem ''mailtvą~mailtvah-'', ergative case ''mailtvahei'' /maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋäɦeɪ̯/, exessive case ''mailtvąt'' /maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋɑ̤t/ | : ''mailtvąa'' {{IPA|/maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋäɦä/}} "waters", stem ''mailtvą~mailtvah-'', ergative case ''mailtvahei'' {{IPA|/maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋäɦeɪ̯/}}, exessive case ''mailtvąt'' {{IPA|/maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋɑ̤t/}} | ||
: ''švęke'' /ɕʋe̤ke/ "to point at", root ''švę~šveh-'', 1SG present indicative ''švehu'' /ɕʋeɦu/ | : ''švęke'' {{IPA|/ɕʋe̤ke/}} "to point at", root ''švę~šveh-'', 1SG present indicative ''švehu'' {{IPA|/ɕʋeɦu/}} | ||
In the pronunciations of the Northern Far East, East, Northeast, and many areas of the North, breathy-voiced vowels before consonants are realized as a vowel followed by a fricative, which is: | In the pronunciations of the Northern Far East, East, Northeast, and many areas of the North, breathy-voiced vowels before consonants are realized as a vowel followed by a fricative, which is: | ||
* palatal [ç] or [ʝ] before palatals; | * palatal {{IPA|[ç]}} or {{IPA|[ʝ]}} before palatals; | ||
* velar [x] or [ɣ] before velars; | * velar {{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[ɣ]}} before velars; | ||
* uvular [χ] before /ʀ/ or /ɴ̆/; | * uvular {{IPA|[χ]}} before {{IPA|/ʀ/}} or {{IPA|/ɴ̆/}}; | ||
* bilabial [ɸ] or [β] before labials; | * bilabial {{IPA|[ɸ]}} or {{IPA|[β]}} before labials; | ||
* glottal [h] or [ɦ] otherwise. | * glottal {{IPA|[h]}} or {{IPA|[ɦ]}} otherwise. | ||
See, for example, ''švęke'' /ɕʋe̤ke/ – Std. [ɕʋe̤ke~ɕve̤ke], Cam. [ɕvexkə]. | See, for example, ''švęke'' {{IPA|/ɕʋe̤ke/}} – Std. {{IPA|[ɕʋe̤ke~ɕve̤ke]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[ɕvexkə]}}. | ||
===Vowels /ä äː ɑ̤/=== | ===Vowels /ä äː ɑ̤/=== | ||
/ä/ (usually simply transcribed as /a/), statistically the most common vowel phoneme in Chlouvānem, is an open central unrounded vowel [ä] in most local pronunciations, but is better transcribed as near-open [ɐ] for the Jade Coastal ones and in a few Eastern Plain ones (notably in the Nīmbaṇḍhāra Delta); this slightly closer realization has been spreading to Standard Chlouvānem. | {{IPA|/ä/}} (usually simply transcribed as {{IPA|/a/}}), statistically the most common vowel phoneme in Chlouvānem, is an open central unrounded vowel {{IPA|[ä]}} in most local pronunciations, but is better transcribed as near-open {{IPA|[ɐ]}} for the Jade Coastal ones and in a few Eastern Plain ones (notably in the Nīmbaṇḍhāra Delta); this slightly closer realization has been spreading to Standard Chlouvānem. | ||
: ''haloe'' "name" /ɦäɴ̆ɔə̯/ – Std. [ɦäɴ̆ɔə̯~ɦɐɴ̆ɔə̯~ɦɐɴ̆ɔɒ̯], Līl. [ɦɐɴ̆œː], Lṭh. [ɦɐɴ̆oɪ̯], Līt. [ɦɐɴ̆ɔɒ̯~ɔɪ̯], Tmṣ. [ɦäɴ̆ɔɒ̯], Cam. [ɦäɴ̆ɔɪ̯], Lkn. [ɦäɴ̆oə̯] | : ''haloe'' "name" {{IPA|/ɦäɴ̆ɔə̯/}} – Std. {{IPA|[ɦäɴ̆ɔə̯~ɦɐɴ̆ɔə̯~ɦɐɴ̆ɔɒ̯]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[ɦɐɴ̆œː]}}, Lṭh. {{IPA|[ɦɐɴ̆oɪ̯]}}, Līt. {{IPA|[ɦɐɴ̆ɔɒ̯~ɔɪ̯]}}, Tmṣ. {{IPA|[ɦäɴ̆ɔɒ̯]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[ɦäɴ̆ɔɪ̯]}}, Lkn. {{IPA|[ɦäɴ̆oə̯]}} | ||
In various areas of the Northern Plain, including in and around Mamaikala, the /äs/ ending is realized as [əʃ]: | In various areas of the Northern Plain, including in and around Mamaikala, the {{IPA|/äs/}} ending is realized as {{IPA|[əʃ]}}: | ||
: ''prātas'' "wind" /pʀäːtäs/ – Std. [pʀäːtäs~pʀäːtɐs], Līl. [pʀäːtɐs], Mam. [pʀäːtəʃ], Cam. [pʀäːtäs] | : ''prātas'' "wind" {{IPA|/pʀäːtäs/}} – Std. {{IPA|[pʀäːtäs~pʀäːtɐs]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[pʀäːtɐs]}}, Mam. {{IPA|[pʀäːtəʃ]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[pʀäːtäs]}} | ||
/äː/ (usually simply transcribed as /aː/) is realized as [äː] in most contexts for nearly all pronunciations. Jade Coastal ones realize it as an open back unrounded vowel [ɑː] word-finally, while in the Southern Far East it is often backed and rounded to [ɒː] after labial consonants. Exclusively in and around Cami, it is fronted to [æː] when adjacent to /j/. | {{IPA|/äː/}} (usually simply transcribed as {{IPA|/aː/}}) is realized as {{IPA|[äː]}} in most contexts for nearly all pronunciations. Jade Coastal ones realize it as an open back unrounded vowel {{IPA|[ɑː]}} word-finally, while in the Southern Far East it is often backed and rounded to {{IPA|[ɒː]}} after labial consonants. Exclusively in and around Cami, it is fronted to {{IPA|[æː]}} when adjacent to {{IPA|/j/}}. | ||
: ''lilyā'' "my, mine" /ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː/ – Std. [ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː], Līl. [ɴ̆iɴ̆jɑː], Tmṣ. [ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː], Cam. [ɴ̆iɴ̆jæː], Lkn. [ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː] | : ''lilyā'' "my, mine" {{IPA|/ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː/}} – Std. {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆jɑː]}}, Tmṣ. {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆jæː]}}, Lkn. {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆jäː]}} | ||
: ''vāyam'' "image" /ʋäːjäm/ – Std. [ʋäːjä̃m~ʋäːjɐ̃m], Līl. [väːjɐ̃m], Tmṣ. [ʋäːjä̃m~wäːjä̃m], Cam. [ʋæːjä̃m~wæːjä̃m], Lkn. [ʋɒːjä̃m] | : ''vāyam'' "image" {{IPA|/ʋäːjäm/}} – Std. {{IPA|[ʋäːjä̃m~ʋäːjɐ̃m]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[väːjɐ̃m]}}, Tmṣ. {{IPA|[ʋäːjä̃m~wäːjä̃m]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[ʋæːjä̃m~wæːjä̃m]}}, Lkn. {{IPA|[ʋɒːjä̃m]}} | ||
Both /ä/ and /äː/ are, nearly everywhere, backed when allophonically nasalized as [ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː], except before word-final /m/: | Both {{IPA|/ä/}} and {{IPA|/äː/}} are, nearly everywhere, backed when allophonically nasalized as {{IPA|[ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː]}}, except before word-final {{IPA|/m/}}: | ||
: ''Lāmberah'' (name of a river) /ɴ̆aːmbeʀäɦ/ – Std. [ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäħ], Līl. [ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀɐχ], Mam. [ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäħ], Cam. [ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäh] | : ''Lāmberah'' (name of a river) {{IPA|/ɴ̆aːmbeʀäɦ/}} – Std. {{IPA|[ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäħ]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀɐχ]}}, Mam. {{IPA|[ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäħ]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäh]}} | ||
/ɑ̤/ does not have particular regional variation, save for the unpacking to [äH] in the Northern Far East/East/Northeast/parts of the North: | {{IPA|/ɑ̤/}} does not have particular regional variation, save for the unpacking to {{IPA|[äH]}} in the Northern Far East/East/Northeast/parts of the North: | ||
: ''mąšake'' "to pay" /mɑ̤ɕäke/ – Std. [mɑ̤ɕäke~mɑ̤ɕɐke], Līl. [mɑ̤ɕɐke], Tmṣ. [mɑ̤ʃäke], Cam. [mäçɕäkə]. | : ''mąšake'' "to pay" {{IPA|/mɑ̤ɕäke/}} – Std. {{IPA|[mɑ̤ɕäke~mɑ̤ɕɐke]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[mɑ̤ɕɐke]}}, Tmṣ. {{IPA|[mɑ̤ʃäke]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[mäçɕäkə]}}. | ||
===Closed vowels /i iː i̤ u uː ṳ/=== | ===Closed vowels /i iː i̤ u uː ṳ/=== |
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