Gapauti: Difference between revisions

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(Gapauti Phonology)
 
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Word order is Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique, with adjectives placed before their nouns and postpositions used as adpositions.
*"Mary opened the red door with a key" = "Mary the red door opened with a key"
===Nouns===
====Noun Morphology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Singular
! colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nominative
! Animate
| child
| '''xirig''' /xi'rig/
| children
| Suffix: '''-''' /-/<br />'''xirig''' /xi'rig/
|-
! Inanimate
| stone
| '''ngeki''' /'ŋeki/
| stones
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''ngekish''' /'ŋekiʃ/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Accusative
! Animate
| child
|  Suffix: '''-(u)ki''' /-(u)kʰi/<br />'''xiriguki''' /xi'rigukʰi/
| chidren
|  Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xirigu''' /xi'rigu/
|-
! Inanimate
| stone
| Suffix: '''-(a)g''' /-(a)g/<br />'''ngekig''' /'ŋekig/
| stones
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''ngekiu''' /'ŋekiu/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Genitive
! Animate
| child's
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xirigi''' /xi'rigi/
| children's
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''xirigash''' /xi'rigaʃ/
|-
! Inanimate
| stone's
| Suffix: '''-(e)sh''' /-(e)ʃ/ '''ngekish''' /'ŋekiʃ/
| stones'
| Suffix: '''-(e)r''' /-(e)ɾ/ '''ngekish''' /'ŋekiɾ/
|}
====Definitive Article====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Singular
! colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nominative
!Animate
|the [child]
|'''tat''' /tat/
|the [children]
|'''tsap''' /tsap/
|-
!Inanimate
|the [stone]
|'''peg''' /pʰeg/
|the [stones]
|'''peg''' /pʰeg/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Accusative
!Animate
|the [child]
|'''tsa''' /tsa/
|the [children]
|'''ngeg''' /ŋeg/
|-
!Inanimate
|the [stone]
|'''xesh''' /xeʃ/
|the [stones]
|'''shug''' /ʃug/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Genitive
!Animate
|the [child]
|'''tsi''' /tsi/
|the [children]
|'''ngem''' /ŋem/
|-
!Inanimate
|the [stone]
|'''tsush''' /tsuʃ/
|the [stones]
|'''tus''' /tʰus/
|}
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
*Definite article can be omitted: example, ‘I am going to jacuzzi’
*Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: English's ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’
====Indefinite Article====
Gapauti does not use an indefinite article.
====Personal Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:750px;"
|-
!colspan="1"|
!colspan="2"|Nominative
!colspan="2"|Accusative
!colspan="2"|Genitive
!colspan="2"|Dative
|-
!1st. Singular
|I
|'''tse'''<br />/tse/
|me
|'''tsang'''<br />/tsaŋ/
|mine
|'''tse gas'''<br />/tse gas/
|to me
|'''tse tat'''<br />/tse tat/
|-
!2nd. Singular
|you
|'''ti'''<br />/ti/
|you
|'''tet'''<br />/tet/
|yours
|'''ti gas'''<br />/ti gas/
|to you
|'''ti tat'''<br />/ti tat/
|-
!3rd. Singular
|he/she/it
|'''tsi'''<br />/tsi/
|him/her/it
|'''tsu'''<br />/tsu/
|his/hers/its
|'''tsi gas'''<br />/tsi gas/
|to him/her/it
|'''tsi tat'''<br />/tsi tat/
|-
!1st. Plural
|we
|'''par'''<br />/pʰaɾ/
|us
|'''ped'''<br />/pʰed/
|ours
|'''par gas'''<br />/pʰaɾ gas/
|to us
|'''par tat'''<br />/pʰaɾ tat/
|-
!2nd. Plural
|you
|'''ngesh'''<br />/ŋeʃ/
|you
|'''ngesh'''<br />/ŋeʃ/
|yours
|'''ngesh gas'''<br />/ŋeʃ gas/
|to you
|'''ngesh tat'''<br />/ŋeʃ tat/
|-
!3rd. Plural
|they
|'''pig'''<br />/pig/
|them
|'''pir'''<br />/piɾ/
|theirs
|''''pig gas'''<br />/pig gas/
|to them
|'''pig tat'''<br />/pig tat/
|}
===Verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:600px;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="1"|Past
! colspan="1"|Present
! colspan="1"|Future
|-
! rowspan="7"|Perfective
!
| ''talked''
| ''talk''
| ''will talk''
|-
! 1st. Sg
| Suffix: '''-(a)sh''' /-(a)ʃ/<br />'''xash''' /xaʃ/
| Suffix: '''-(a)''' /-(a)/<br />'''xa''' /xa/
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xau''' /xa'u/
|-
! 2nd. Sg
| Suffix: '''-(e)d''' /-(e)d/<br />'''xad''' /xad/
| Suffix: '''-e''' /-e/<br />'''xae''' /xa'e/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
|-
! 3rd. Sg
| Suffix: '''-u''' /-u/<br />'''xau''' /xa'u/
| Suffix: '''-(a)xe''' /-(a)xe/<br />'''xaxe''' /xa'xe/
| Suffix: '''-(a)d''' /-(a)d/<br />'''xad''' /xad/
|-
! 1st. Pl
| Suffix: '''-(a)ng''' /-(a)ŋ/<br />'''xang''' /xaŋ/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
| Suffix: '''-(e)s''' /-(e)s/<br />'''xas''' /xas/
|-
! 2nd. Pl
| Suffix: '''-(e)n''' /-(e)n/<br />'''xan''' /xan/
| Suffix: '''-(e)ngu''' /-(e)ngu/<br />'''xangu''' /xa'ŋu/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
|-
! 3rd. Pl
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
| Suffix: '''-(e)di''' /-(e)di/<br />'''xadi''' /xa'di/
| Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''xai''' /xa'i/
|}
* '''Perfect aspect''' -- uses the word '''shiple''' after the main verb -- ''"have talked"'' or xash shiple ("talked finish")
* '''Progressive aspect''' -- uses the word '''dzi''' after the main verb -- ''"am talking"'' or xa dzi ("talk be")
* '''Imperative''' -- uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense -- ''"talk!" (as a command)'' or xae
* '''Negation''' -- adds the suffix '''-u''' /-u/ to the verb -- ''"do not talk"'' or xaeu
**Tense affixes come between the root verb and the negative affix

Revision as of 00:41, 24 October 2018


Gapauti is the native language of the Tsapeteg, a Kettek culture who live along the shores of the Tekingu Dattunga. Due to the easy trade relations the Tsapeteg have historically enjoyed with other cultures, both local and foreign, Gapauti has been used, and is still used today, as a major language in every country that borders the Tekingu Dattunga, as well as a good number of the cities that line the Kipesheye River.

Orthography

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory: /b d dz g h j k kʰ l m n p pʰ r s t tsʰ tʰ ts x z ŋ ɾ ʃ/

Bilabial Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop pʰ p b tʰ t d kʰ k g
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricative tsʰ ts dz
Fricative s z ʃ x h
Approximant l j
Tap ɾ
Trill r


Vowels

Vowel inventory: /a e i u/

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e
Open a

Diphthongs: None

Phonotactics

Syllable structure for is (C)V(C), with no fixed stress pattern.

  • /l/ turns into /s/ if before /k/
  • /a/ becomes silent if before /i/
  • /ŋ/ becomes /n/ before /i/
  • /s/ becomes /h/ if between two vowels
  • /n/ becomes /ɲ/ if before (consonant)
  • /l/ becomes /ʎ/ if before (consonant)

Grammar

Word order is Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique, with adjectives placed before their nouns and postpositions used as adpositions.

  • "Mary opened the red door with a key" = "Mary the red door opened with a key"

Nouns

Noun Morphology

Singular Plural
Nominative Animate child xirig /xi'rig/ children Suffix: - /-/
xirig /xi'rig/
Inanimate stone ngeki /'ŋeki/ stones Suffix: -(a)sh /-(a)ʃ/
ngekish /'ŋekiʃ/
Accusative Animate child Suffix: -(u)ki /-(u)kʰi/
xiriguki /xi'rigukʰi/ 		chidren Suffix: -u /-u/
xirigu /xi'rigu/
Inanimate stone Suffix: -(a)g /-(a)g/
ngekig /'ŋekig/ 		stones Suffix: -u /-u/
ngekiu /'ŋekiu/
Genitive Animate child's Suffix: -i /-i/
xirigi /xi'rigi/ 		children's Suffix: -(a)sh /-(a)ʃ/
xirigash /xi'rigaʃ/
Inanimate stone's Suffix: -(e)sh /-(e)ʃ/ ngekish /'ŋekiʃ/ stones' Suffix: -(e)r /-(e)ɾ/ ngekish /'ŋekiɾ/

Definitive Article

Singular Plural
Nominative Animate the [child] tat /tat/ the [children] tsap /tsap/
Inanimate the [stone] peg /pʰeg/ the [stones] peg /pʰeg/
Accusative Animate the [child] tsa /tsa/ the [children] ngeg /ŋeg/
Inanimate the [stone] xesh /xeʃ/ the [stones] shug /ʃug/
Genitive Animate the [child] tsi /tsi/ the [children] ngem /ŋem/
Inanimate the [stone] tsush /tsuʃ/ the [stones] tus /tʰus/

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

  • Definite article can be omitted: example, ‘I am going to jacuzzi’
  • Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: English's ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’

Indefinite Article

Gapauti does not use an indefinite article.

Personal Pronouns

Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
1st. Singular I tse
/tse/ 		me tsang
/tsaŋ/ 		mine tse gas
/tse gas/ 		to me tse tat
/tse tat/
2nd. Singular you ti
/ti/ 		you tet
/tet/ 		yours ti gas
/ti gas/ 		to you ti tat
/ti tat/
3rd. Singular he/she/it tsi
/tsi/ 		him/her/it tsu
/tsu/ 		his/hers/its tsi gas
/tsi gas/ 		to him/her/it tsi tat
/tsi tat/
1st. Plural we par
/pʰaɾ/ 		us ped
/pʰed/ 		ours par gas
/pʰaɾ gas/ 		to us par tat
/pʰaɾ tat/
2nd. Plural you ngesh
/ŋeʃ/ 		you ngesh
/ŋeʃ/ 		yours ngesh gas
/ŋeʃ gas/ 		to you ngesh tat
/ŋeʃ tat/
3rd. Plural they pig
/pig/ 		them pir
/piɾ/ 		theirs 'pig gas
/pig gas/ 		to them pig tat
/pig tat/

Verbs

Past Present Future
Perfective talked talk will talk
1st. Sg Suffix: -(a)sh /-(a)ʃ/
xash /xaʃ/ 		Suffix: -(a) /-(a)/
xa /xa/ 		Suffix: -u /-u/
xau /xa'u/
2nd. Sg Suffix: -(e)d /-(e)d/
xad /xad/ 		Suffix: -e /-e/
xae /xa'e/ 		Suffix: -i /-i/
xai /xa'i/
3rd. Sg Suffix: -u /-u/
xau /xa'u/ 		Suffix: -(a)xe /-(a)xe/
xaxe /xa'xe/ 		Suffix: -(a)d /-(a)d/
xad /xad/
1st. Pl Suffix: -(a)ng /-(a)ŋ/
xang /xaŋ/ 		Suffix: -i /-i/
xai /xa'i/ 		Suffix: -(e)s /-(e)s/
xas /xas/
2nd. Pl Suffix: -(e)n /-(e)n/
xan /xan/ 		Suffix: -(e)ngu /-(e)ngu/
xangu /xa'ŋu/ 		Suffix: -i /-i/
xai /xa'i/
3rd. Pl Suffix: -i /-i/
xai /xa'i/ 		Suffix: -(e)di /-(e)di/
xadi /xa'di/ 		Suffix: -i /-i/
xai /xa'i/
  • Perfect aspect -- uses the word shiple after the main verb -- "have talked" or xash shiple ("talked finish")
  • Progressive aspect -- uses the word dzi after the main verb -- "am talking" or xa dzi ("talk be")
  • Imperative -- uses the same conjugation as 2nd-person present-tense -- "talk!" (as a command) or xae
  • Negation -- adds the suffix -u /-u/ to the verb -- "do not talk" or xaeu
    • Tense affixes come between the root verb and the negative affix
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