@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ==Phonology==
-<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
+===Consonants===
+Ancient Raunan features a relatively simple phonology with no aspiration or voicing contrasts. Most consonants, however, feature a contrast between plain and labialized articulation, with some consonants also featuring a three-way plain vs labialized vs palatalized contrast.
+The following table shows the consonantal phonemes of Ancient Raunan in its practical romanization and in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA, between slashes).
-<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
+{| class="wikitable"
-<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#efefef;" |
+! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Bilabial
+! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Alveolar
+! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Velar / Glottal
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Plain
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Labialized
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Plain
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Labialized
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Palatalized
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Plain
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Labialized
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Palatalized
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Nasal
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | m /m/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | mw /mʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | n /n/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | nw /nʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ny /nʲ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ñ /ŋ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ñw /ŋʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Plosive
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | p /p/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pw /pʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | t /t/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tw /tʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ty /tʲ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | k /k/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | kw /kʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Fricative
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | s /s/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | h /h/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hw /hʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hy /hʲ/
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Rhotic
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | r /r/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Lateral
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | l /l/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lw /lʷ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ly /lʲ/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Approximants
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | w /w/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | y /j/
+|}
-Vowel inventory
+As an ancient language, the exact pronunciation of certain consonants is not entirely known. This is particularly true of the rhotic /r/ whose exact realization is unknown but seems to have varied from region to region as ancient texts mention that 'the R sound has a weaker pronunciation in the west'. As the approximants /w/ and /j/ were not reliably distinguished from /hʷ/ and /hʲ/ in writing (as neither were the zero-consonant Ø and /h/) it has been suggested that the latter might have been pronounced as the former at least in some dialectal varieties.
-Consonant inventory
-Syllable structure
-Stress
-Intonation
--->
+The glottal stop /ʔ/ (also transcribed as ''h''; preceded by an apostrophe if immediately before a vowel, ''w'' or ''y'' as in ''Raunah'ih'' or ''hah'wa'') is also used in the language although it patterns unlike any other consonant, being found exclusively in syllable codae. Due to this glottalization may be considered a feature of Raunan vowels despite its pronunciation being theorized to be an actual glottal stop rather than a glottalized phonation of the vowels.
-===Orthography===
-===Consonants===
 ===Vowels===
-===Prosody===
-====Stress====
-====Intonation====
-===Phonotactics===
+The spoken language was characterized by a small variety of vowels (/a ə i u/, also transcribed as ''a ə i u'') although combined into a larger number of diphthongs: /aə ai au əi əu iə uə/. The letter ''e'' might be used as an alternative to ''ə'' in the romanization should the latter not be available.
-<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
-===Morphophonology===
+{| class="wikitable"
+! style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" |
+! style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Front
+! style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Mid
+! style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Back
+! style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Diphthongs
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | High
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | i /i/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | u /u/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iə /iə/, uə /uə/
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Mid
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ə /ə/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | əi /əi/, əu /əu/
+|-
+| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Low
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | a /a/
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" |
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | aə /aə/, ai /ai/, au /au/
+|}
+Sequences of vowels forming hiatus are distinguished from diphthongs as in ''aə'' (/aə/, a dipthong) vs ''a'ə'' (/a.ə/, a hiatus). In the romanization an apostrophe is used to indicate hiatus in case of ambiguity.
+===Phonotactics and prosody===
+Ancient Raunan only allows '''(C)V(H)''' syllables where
+* '''C''' is any consonant other than the glottal stop.
+* '''V''' is either a vowel or a diphthong
+* '''H''' is the glottal stop.
+There are no further phonotactical restrictions. Although ''yi'' and ''wu'' (/ji/ and /wu/) are often substituted with plain ''i'' and ''u'' in inflectional paradigms, they are still allowed.
+Prosodic stress was non-phonemic in Ancient Raunan. Words were usually stressed on the second-to-last syllable.
 ==Morphology==
+The language features a fusional morphology which uses suffixes for inflection.
+===Nouns===
+Ancient Raunan nouns are inflected for number (singular vs plural) and case. Nominal inflection is mostly regular, with inflectional paradigms depending on the ryhme of the final syllable of the noun in its base form (which corresponds to its singular absolutive form). The most common declension classes are the ''a'' class as in ''hah'wa'' (man) and the ''ah'' class as in ''pwamah'' (king), followed by the ''ə'' class as in ''lwañə'' (sea). Less common classes ''i'' as in ''uəhlwi'' (water) and ''ih'' as in ''lihlih'' (maiden, girl). The vowels ''əh'', ''u'' and ''uh'' or diphthongs are not believed to have been allowed in the base form of nouns.
+The language features a tripartite syntactic alignment: subjects of intransitive verbs do not pattern like subjects of transitive verbs (which take the ergative case) nor like transitive objects (which take the accusative case), taking a third case instead, the absolutive. Other cases include the genitive (which serves to mark both possession or origin), the dative case (which marks indirect objects as well as direction), a locative case and a vocative case.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" |
+! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | A declension:
+hah'wa - man
+! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | AH declension:
+pwamah - king
+! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Ə declension:
+lwañə - sea
+! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | I declension:
+uəhlwi - water
+! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | IH declension:
+lihlih - maiden
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | SG
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | PL
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Absolutive
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wa
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Ergative
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamaəh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'əi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañaə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiyəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihliəh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'əi
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Accusative
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamai
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Genitive
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'ih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiaih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'ih
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Dative
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wawə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'wə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəwa
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəlwiyuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiwə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'uh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'wə
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Locative
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wah
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'waih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamaəh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'ih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañəih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiyə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəhlwiyəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'ah
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'aih
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Vocative
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wauh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | hah'wauh'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'uh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | pwamah'uh'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lwañuh'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəlwih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəlwih'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lihlih'i
+|}
+Typically, nouns do not carry any determiner in Ancient Raunan although they may be preceded by demonstratives: ''nah'' (this, a proximal demonstrative) and ''kwu'' (that, distal demonstrative).
+Common noun endings include the following derivational suffixes which yield nouns when applied to verbal stems ''-hlwa'' (verbal agents, as in ''mwauhlwa'', 'scribe', from ''mwau-rai'', 'to write'), ''-hta'' (results of an action, as in ''hwusihta'', 'breath', from ''hwusih-rai'', 'to breathe') and ''-nah'' (which often results in adjectives which may also be used as nouns, as in ''lihnah'', 'spouse; husband or wife', from ''lih-rau'', 'to marry').
+===Pronouns===
+Ancient Raunan pronouns are morphologically similar to nouns although they lack a distinct locative case (dative may be used instead in contexts where locative would be required or expected for a regular noun).
+Traditionally, Raunan included a distinction between 'inclusive we' (''rai'', including the listener) and 'exclusive we' (''ata'', not including the listener) as well as a special honorific pronoun ''ra'' which replaced any other pronoun when referring to people of higher status, sacred objects and sacred places. The honorific pronoun ''ra'' in this classical usage does not reflect person nor number. Late in the ancient period, however, a different usage popularized in the eastern half of the empire where ''ra'' was reserved for singular referents, ''rai'' was repurposed to function as a plural counterpart to singular ''ra'' and ''ata'' came to be used as the single first personal pronoun, even for 'inclusive we'. Originally, this usage was criticized by the ruling classes although as it spread across the eastern half of the empire (which hosted the capital ''Sərauhta'') it came to gain acceptance.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Classical
+pronoun
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Dialectal
+pronoun
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | ABS
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | ERG
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | ACC
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | GEN
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | DAT
+! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | VOC
+|-
+| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 1s, "I, me"
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyaə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | lyi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | alyauh
+|-
+| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 2s, "you"
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyaə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tyauh
+|-
+| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 3s, "he, she, it"
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | au
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uəh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | əuh'i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | au
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | uh
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | HON
+Honorific
+pronoun
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#efefef;" | HON.SG
+Honorific
+singular
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ra
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | raə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | əri
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ri
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ruh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rauh
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 1p.INC
+Inclusive we
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#efefef;" | HON.PL
+Honorific
+plural
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rai
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | raəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rai
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rəu
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | rəih
+|-
+| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 1p.EXC
+Exclusive we
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#efefef;" | 1p
+"We, us"
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ata
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ataə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | atəi
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ati
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | atuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | tauh
+|-
+| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 2p, "you, you all"
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | i
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | yai
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | yuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | yəih
+|-
+| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | 3p, "they"
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iətyə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ityaə
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iətyih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ityaih
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | ityuh
+| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | iətyəih
+|}
+Genitive pronouns may be used as possessive determiners before nouns except for the third person singular pronoun ''uh'', where the form ''əu'' is used instead: ''lyi wahah'' (my name), ''əu mwəri'' (his/her/its eyes).
 <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
@@ Line 81: / Line 404: @@
 <!-- etc. etc. -->
+==Writing system==
 ==Example texts==
 <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->

Ancient Raunan: Difference between revisions

Ancient Raunan (view source)

Revision as of 03:14, 19 January 2019