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| #: ''lilyā buneya ajāƾilbādhyom mudhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to Ajāƾilbādhi [and she was still there at the time relevant to the topic] – as a monodirectional verb, it may also mean "she was flying/going to Ajāƾilbādhi". | | #: ''lilyā buneya ajāƾilbādhyom mudhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to Ajāƾilbādhi [and she was still there at the time relevant to the topic] – as a monodirectional verb, it may also mean "she was flying/going to Ajāƾilbādhi". |
| #: ''lilyā buneya ajāƾilbādhyom umudha'' – my older sister has gone (has flown) to Ajāƾilbādhi [she's still there]. | | #: ''lilyā buneya ajāƾilbādhyom umudha'' – my older sister has gone (has flown) to Ajāƾilbādhi [she's still there]. |
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| ====Prefixed motion verbs====
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| ====Pluri-prefixed motion verbs==== | | ====Pluri-prefixed motion verbs==== |
| <!-- ====Origin prefixes====
| | When more than two prefixes are stacked, the one which the object will refer to is the closest to the root, cf. ''vodūmṛcce'' "approach by running while avoiding something" vs. ''ūvodamṛcce'' "avoid while running closer to something": |
| Positional prefixes are used with motion verbs in order to more specifically state direction; as they get a directional meaning, most of these prefixes also have a corresponding origin prefix:
| | : ''kita nanāt ūnimat vodūbamṛcam'' "I have approached home by running, avoiding that street." |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | : ''nanā ūnima kitom ūvodamṛcam'' "I have avoided that street while running closer to home." |
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| ! "Lative" prefix !! "Ablative" prefix !! Meaning
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| | ta- || tų- || Generic direction
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| | ān- || yana- || Above
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| | šu- || šer- || Under
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| | khl- || kelь- || In the middle of, together with
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| | gin- || ją- || In a group; among
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| | nī- || ani- || Within inside
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| | ū(b)- || yom- || Near, close
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| | bis- || bara- || Far
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| | tad- || tasi- || Attached to; on an animal
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| | įs- || hos- || Hanging
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| | na(ñ)- || neni- || Inside
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| | kau- || kuvi- || Outside
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| | viṣ- || vyeṣa- || Opposite; somewhere else
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| | kami- || kįla- || Around
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| | prь- || paro- || Behind
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| | mai- || mīram- || In front of
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| | vai- || vea- || In a corner
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| | sāṭ- || ṣlū- || Next to
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| | lā(d)- || lo(d)- || In the center
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| | vyā- || veši- || Left
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| | māha- || mege- || Right
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| | nalь- || <small>(''vād-'')</small> || Convergent, inwards
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| | vād- || <small>(''nalь-'')</small> || Divergent, outwards
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| | be- || ter- || On the surface
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| | gala- || hali- || Through
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| | naš- || rowspan=4 | — || Completely, to the end
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| | paṣ- || Further ahead, beyond
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| | sam- || Towards the next (object/goal)
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| |-
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| | vod- || Avoiding
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| |}
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| These verbs have a peculiarity, as all prefixes except for ''ta-''/''tų-'' make the verb transitive but with a default “common” voice: that is, the agent-trigger is not marked on the verb and only case makes it clear:
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| : ''jāyim ñariū āṃliven'' “the girl walks up the mountain” (agent-trigger)
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| : ''ñariah jāyimei āṃliven'' "the mountain is walked up by the girl" (patient-trigger)
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| Other examples are:
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| : ''jñūm priliven'' "someone goes behind the tree" (lit. *the tree is being gone behind)
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| : ''lālia ñæltah kitu yomfluṃsusah'' "my sister is approaching from home"
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| When there is a prefix expressing relative position and one expressing direction, the most important one is always the one closest to the root; the other one (usually the relative position) is normally expressed with the appropriate case, as in the verb ''vodūmṛcce'' "to run nearer (to something) while avoiding (something else)":
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| : ''sāmiā kita nanāt ūnimat vodūbamṛca'' "your house has been approached by running while avoiding that street". | |
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| Arguments usually change from the non-prefixed forms: for example ''vaske'' (to drive) is transitive and its patient is the means of transport, while the patient of ''khlavaske'' (to go with [by vehicle]) is the person with whom the agent goes.
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| ''ta-''/''tes-'' prefixed verbs are always intransitive, and the transitive forms may be done only by deriving an additional applicative verb (usually mainly a stylistic exercise in poetry), as in ''taflulke'' "to arrive (on foot)" → ''nartaflulke'' "to reach (on foot)":
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| : ''jaṃšom taflå'' "I arrive to the party" | |
| : ''jaṃšā nartaliven'' "the party is [being] reached" -->
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| ====To wear, put on, take off==== | | ====To wear, put on, take off==== |