Bearlandic: Difference between revisions
Dē Graut Bʉr (talk | contribs) (→Syntax) |
Dē Graut Bʉr (talk | contribs) (→Syntax: ?) |
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| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit because it his job be.BYF. | | gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit because it his job be.BYF. | ||
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job. | | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job. | ||
}} | |||
===Questions=== | |||
Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = Sxit dē jaggter dē konin? | |||
| IPA = /ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkóːnin/ | |||
| morphemes = Sxit dē jaggter dē konin? | |||
| gloss = Shoot the hunter the rabbit? | |||
| translation = Does the hunter shoot the rabbit? | |||
}} | |||
Interrogative pronouns are always placed at the beginning of the phrase: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = Wi sgiti dē konin? | |||
| IPA = /ˈʋi ˈsxiːti dɛ ˈkónin/ | |||
| morphemes = Wi sgit-ti dē konin? | |||
| gloss = Who shoot-PAST the rabbit? | |||
| translation = Who shot the rabbit? | |||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 10:37, 17 November 2013
| Bearlandic | |
|---|---|
| Bʉrnlannts | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/] |
| Created by | – |
| Native speakers | Approximately 20 million (2653) |
Iropo-Antilonian languages
| |
Early form | Old Bearlandic
|
Background
Bearlandic (Bʉrnlannts, IPA: /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/) is one of many languages of the planet which is called Virrolt in Bearlandic. The language belongs to the Berilonian language family, which in its turn is a branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | p b /p b/ | t d /t d/ | k q /k kʷ/ | ||||
| Fricative | f v /f v/ | s z /s z/ | (ʃ) | (ç) | g /x ~ ɣ/ | h /h/ | |
| Approximant | w /ʋ/ | j /j/ | |||||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||
| Lateral app. | l /l/ |
In some dialects /ʃ/ and /ç/ occur as allophones of /s/ and /x ~ ɣ/. The latter is often slightly fronted or palatalized in the standard dialect.
All consonants except /b d ŋ kʷ v z h/ can be geminated.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i u /i y/ | ú /u/ | |||
| Near-close | i u /ɪ ʏ/ | ||||
| Close-mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | |||
| Mid | e /ə/ | ||||
| Open-mid | e ʉ /ɛ œ/ | o /ɔ/ | |||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | a /a/ | a /ɑ/ |
Bearlandic distinguishes "short" (ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʏ) and "long" (a e i o y) vowels. However, the "long" vowels are actually only pronounced long when they're stressed. Ú and Ʉ (/u/ and /œ/) are usually considered to be neither short nor long, but are, just like the "long" vowels, pronounced long when they're stressed (except when followed by a geminated consonant) and short otherwise.
There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/.
Phonotactics
Orthography
Most of the orthography is clear from the tables above, however, the way "short" and "long" vowels are distinguished isn't. "Short" vowels are indicated by doubling the following consonant (which indeed is geminated). If there is no consonant to double (=if the vowel is at the end of a word), a macron is used to indicate its "shortness".
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns don't have cases or genders, only numbers. The plural is usually made by adding -s to the end of the word. If it already ends in -s, -enn is added instead. However, a few nouns don't follow these rules and add -er instead, or don't change at all.
Adjectives
The comparative is formed by adding -err to the end of the adjective, while the superlative ends in -iss. If the adjective ends in a vowel, a -t- is inserted between the stem and the ending.
Any adjective can be turned into an adverb by adding -lyk. This is however only needed and done with adjectives that end in -ig.
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| gut | byterr | bisst |
| fill | mirr | filless |
| ferr | ferrtē | firrst |
Verbs
Regular verbs
| "walk" | "shoot" | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | lop | sgit |
| Past | lop-ti | sgit-i |
| Perfect | gi-lop-t | gi-sgit |
| Byform | lop-ē | sgit-ē |
| Present participle | lop-nē | sgit-nē |
| Past participle | gi-lop-t-nē | gi-sgit-nē |
Unfortunately, I don't know how the byform is called in English.
Irregular verbs
| "be" | "have" | "eat" | "go" | "give" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | iss | heppt | et | ga | gef |
| Past | wast | haptē | ati | gigti | giffti |
| Perfect | giassit | gihapt | giotē | gigisst | gigifft |
| Byform | zyt, zyti | hypē | ytē | gatē | gyvē |
| Present participle | zytnē | hepptnē | etnē | gatnē | gefnē |
| Past participle | - | hassnē | giotnē | - | gigifftnē |
Pronouns
| Number | Person | Subject | Object/Reflexive | Possessive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | 1st | ig | mi | miess |
| 2nd | ji | ji | jiess | |
| 3rd masculine | hi | emm, zigg | hiess | |
| 3rd feminine | zē | zy, zigg | zess | |
| 3rd neuter | dē | dē, zigg | dess | |
| Plural | 1st | wi | oss | oss |
| 2nd | jis | jis | jisiss | |
| 3rd | zess | hunn, zy | hʉn |
Articles
There are two articles, the definite article dē and the indefinite article a.
Numerals
| 1 | a |
|---|---|
| 2 | to |
| 3 | tri |
| 4 | forr |
| 5 | vy |
| 6 | zett |
| 7 | safē |
| 8 | ottjo |
| 9 | nippē |
| 10 | tinn |
| 11 | atinn |
| 12 | totinn |
| 20 | totē |
| 21 | atotē |
| 30 | tritē |
| 40 | forrtē |
| 50 | vytē |
| 60 | zetttē |
| 70 | saftē |
| 80 | otttē |
| 90 | nipptē |
| 100 | horrt |
| 1000 | dass |
Note: otttē derives from an earlier ottjotē.
Ordinal numbers are made by adding -stē. If a number ends in -ē, that -ē is dropped, so "first" is "astē" and "seventh" is "safstē". The -ē is however not left out in "zettēstē", as it otherwise would sound the same as "zettstē".
Syntax
Bearlandic normally has a SVO word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but there can only be one constituent (which includes subordinate clauses) before the verb, which means that the subject is moved to after the verb when another constituent, or a subclause, is placed before the verb.
- Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.
/dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər/
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.
The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun.
The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun. - Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.
/ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin/
Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.
With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit.
With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit. - Oss dē a konin zyt sgit dē jaggter dē oss a sgiter.
/ɔsː dɛ a ˈkoːnin ˈzɛɪ̯t ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ɔsː a sxiːtər/
Oss dē a konin zyt sgit dē jaggter dē oss a sgiter.
If 3SG be.BYF a rabbit shoot the hunter 3SG with a gun.
If there is a rabbit, the hunter shoots it with a gun.
The object is rarely fronted. Instead the passive is used:
- Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gisgit.
/dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈvoːrt ɔsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ɣiˈsxiːt/
Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gi-sgit.
The rabbit PASS by the hunter with a gun PERF-shoot.
The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.
If there is more than one verb in the sentence, there are two possibile constructions: one with an SVVO and one with an SVOV order.
- Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
/dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/
Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
The hunter want shoot the rabbit.
The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
- Dē jaggter will dē konin sgitē.
/dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
Dē jaggter will dē konin sgit-ē.
The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF.
The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
Note the use of a byform in the second sentence.
Subordinate clauses
In subordinate clauses the verb can generally be placed either directly after the first constituent or at the end:
- Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
I know that the hunter shoot the rabbit.
I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
- Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjaxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgit-ē.
I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF
I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
When there is more than one verb in the subordinate clause there are three different possible word orders: one in which the verbs are placed direclty after the first constituent, and two in which the verbs are placed at the end.
- Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
I know that the hunter want shoot the rabbit.
I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
- Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgitē.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːtɛ/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgit-ē.
I know that the hunter the rabbit want shoot-BYF.
I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
- Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē willē.
/ix ʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ ˈʋɪlːɛ/
Is wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgit-ē will-ē.
I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF want-BYF.
I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
The word oss can have many different meanings. When it is a conjunction, the meaning is determined by the word order in the clause:
- Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
/dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː veːrkiŋ/
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job.
The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job.
- Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
/dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ ˈzɛɪ̯t/
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
The hunter shoot the rabbit because it his job be.BYF.
The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job.
Questions
Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone:
- Sxit dē jaggter dē konin?
/ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkóːnin/
Sxit dē jaggter dē konin?
Shoot the hunter the rabbit?
Does the hunter shoot the rabbit?
Interrogative pronouns are always placed at the beginning of the phrase:
- Wi sgiti dē konin?
/ˈʋi ˈsxiːti dɛ ˈkónin/
Wi sgit-ti dē konin?
Who shoot-PAST the rabbit?
Who shot the rabbit?
Sample
Dē fillgikentnē mann hermakti miess aut enn itig mojj bot nat dē pabrúr oss a stoppig mys dē oss pegging oss a aut zworrt zwart gisgat haptē.
The well-known man repaired my old and quite beautiful boat after a stupid girl's uncle by accident had damaged it with an old black sword.