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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
Ditranstives and Applicatives done
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'''Class 2''' | '''Class 2''' | ||
This is used for nouns in | This is used for nouns in postpositional phrases, inalienable possessors, nouns used attributively, restrictive adjectives, and verbs used in compounds. | ||
'''Class 3''' | '''Class 3''' | ||
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However, immediately after an open syllable with a stressed vowel, the ergative clitic has the allomorph /-ɾu/ e.g. | However, immediately after an open syllable with breathy or harsh voice (and thus necessarily a stressed vowel), the ergative clitic has the allomorph /-ɾu/ e.g. | ||
/ŋà̤=ɾù káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | /ŋà̤=ɾù káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
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The deleted object can be re-introduced at the end of the sentence using the dative clitic /-àuŋ/ e.g. | The deleted object can be re-introduced at the end of the sentence using the dative clitic /-àuŋ/ (note that this does not change the tone class of the noun) e.g. | ||
/kʰwèi̤ θú=káiʔk gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | /kʰwèi̤ θú=káiʔk gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | ||
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guardian bone=SEC give dog | guardian bone=SEC give dog | ||
The guardian | The guardian gave the bone to the dog. | ||
=== | It is also perfectly possible to put a ditransitive sentence in the antipassive voice e.g. | ||
/ˈsíʔtà áˈjòṳ=tí θú=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/ | |||
guardian bone=SEC ANTPASS=give dog=DAT | |||
The guardian gave the bone to the dog. | |||
====Allomorphy==== | |||
Immediately after a vowel with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), the secundative clitic becomes /ɾi/ e.g. | |||
/ˈsíʔtà ŋà̤=ɾí gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | |||
guardian fish=SEC give dog | |||
The guardian gave the fish to the dog. | |||
Immediately after a vowel with harsh voice, the clitic also becomes /ɾi/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "animal fat" is /áˈsʰḭ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /áˈsʰìʔ=ɾí/, as in: | |||
/ˈsíʔtà áˈsʰìʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/ | |||
guardian fat=SEC ANTPASS=give dog=DAT | |||
The guardian gave the fat to the dog. | |||
===Applicative Voice=== | |||
To topicalise a noun in a postpositional phrase, Kämpya uses applicative constructions [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice]. These are formed by first shifting the noun in the absolutive case to the end of the sentence (and marking it with the dative clitic /-àuŋ/). In turn, the noun that the postposition was attached to goes into the absolutive case, and the postposition is placed after the verb as a clitic e.g. from the sentence: | |||
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=dé káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | /ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=dé káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
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we can apply an applicative transformation to get: | |||
/pʰáˈzè̤t ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk=dè gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | /pʰáˈzè̤t ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk=dè gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | ||
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In the forest, the dog bit the lizard. | In the forest, the dog bit the lizard. | ||
As another example, the sentence | |||
/ˈḛ̂nèmì ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á kúʔn/ | |||
enemy Hkónat=from depart | |||
The enemy departed from Hkónat. | |||
becomes the following: | |||
/ˈkʰóʔnàt kúʔn=m̥à ˈḛ̂nèmì=jàuŋ/ | |||
Hkónat depart=from enemy=DAT | |||
From Hkónat, the enemy departed. | |||
Note here the tone change from /ˈkʰòʔnát/ (in a postpositional phrase and thus Tone Class 2) to /ˈkʰóʔnàt/ (in Tone Class 1 like most nouns). We cannot see this in the previous example because the word for "forest" is /pʰáˈzè̤t/ in both Tone Class 1 and Tone Class 2. | |||