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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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If we include a postpositional phrase in the sentence, it must come immediately before the verb (except for any pronouns) e.g. with the postpositional phrase /ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á/ - "from Hkónat (a place name)", the verb /kúʔn/ - "to set off" and the noun /ˈḛ̂nèmì/ - "enemy", we can say: | If we include a postpositional phrase in the sentence, it must come immediately before the verb (except for any pronouns) e.g. with the postpositional phrase /ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á/ - "from Hkónat (a place name)", the verb /kúʔn/ - "to set off" and the noun /ˈḛ̂nèmì/ - "enemy", we can say: | ||
/ | /ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á kúʔn ˈḛ̂nèmì/ | ||
Hkónat=from depart enemy | |||
The enemy departs from Hkónat. | The enemy departs from Hkónat. | ||
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/ˈḛ̂nèmì ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á kúʔn/ | /ˈḛ̂nèmì ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á kúʔn/ | ||
enemy | enemy Hkónat=from depart | ||
The enemy departs from Hkónat. | The enemy departs from Hkónat. | ||
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However, the pronoun must immediately precede the verb so */kúʔn jéi/ is ungrammatical. And postpositional phrases cannot intervene between the pronoun and the verb, so */jéi ˈkʰóʔnàt m̥à kúʔn/ is ungrammatical. They must come before the pronoun, so it is only grammatical to say: | However, the pronoun must immediately precede the verb so */kúʔn jéi/ is ungrammatical. And postpositional phrases cannot intervene between the pronoun and the verb, so */jéi ˈkʰóʔnàt m̥à kúʔn/ is ungrammatical. They must come before the pronoun, so it is only grammatical to say: | ||
/ | /ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á jéi kúʔn/ | ||
Hkónat=from 2PS depart | |||
You are setting off from ˈkʰóʔnàt. | You are setting off from ˈkʰóʔnàt. | ||
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The come after the ergative noun, but before the verb (or any pronouns) e.g. | The come after the ergative noun, but before the verb (or any pronouns) e.g. | ||
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù | /ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=dé káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
dog=ERG forest=in bite lizard | dog=ERG forest=in bite lizard | ||
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/kʰwèi̤ bwó=káiʔk/ | /kʰwèi̤ bwó=káiʔk/ | ||
dog 2PS.ACC bite | dog 2PS.ACC=bite | ||
The dog will bite you. | The dog will bite you. | ||
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For verbs such as "give", "sell", "send" etc. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditransitive], the normal situation is to have the donor marked in the ergative case in the usual position (i.e before the verb and any postpositional phrases), the theme (whatever is being given / sold etc. to someone) directly after it, and marked with the secundative postposition /- | For verbs such as "give", "sell", "send" etc. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditransitive], the normal situation is to have the donor marked in the ergative case in the usual position (i.e before the verb and any postpositional phrases), the theme (whatever is being given / sold etc. to someone) directly after it, and marked with the secundative postposition /-ti/, and the recipient in the absolutive case either after the verb or topicalised at the beginning of the sentence e.g. | ||
/ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ= | /ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ=tí gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | ||
guardian=ERG bone=SEC give dog | guardian=ERG bone=SEC give dog | ||
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or | or | ||
/kʰwèi̤ ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ= | /kʰwèi̤ ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ=tí gḭ̂b/ | ||
dog guardian=ERG bone=SEC give | dog guardian=ERG bone=SEC give | ||
The dog was given a bone by the guardian. | The dog was given a bone by the guardian. | ||
The ergative argument can be topicalised in the same way e.g. | |||
/ˈsíʔtà áˈjòṳ=tí gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | |||
guardian bone=SEC give dog | |||
The guardian that gave the bone to the dog. | |||
===Applicative Voice=== | |||
To topicalise a noun in a postpositional phrase, Kämpya uses applicative constructions [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice]. These are formed by first shifting the noun in the absolutive case to the end of the sentence (and marking it with the dative clitic /-àuŋ/). In turn, the noun that the postposition was attached to goes into the absolutive case, and the postposition is placed after the verb as a clitic e.g. from the sentence: | |||
/ˈḛ̂nèmì ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á kúʔn/ | |||
enemy Hkónat=from depart | |||
The enemy departed from Hkónat. | |||
we can apply an applicative transformation to get: | |||
/ˈkʰòʔnát kúʔn=m̥à ˈḛ̂nèmì=jàuŋ/ | |||
Hkónat depart=from enemy=DAT | |||
From Hkónat, the enemy departed. | |||
As another example, the transitive sentence | |||
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=dé káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | |||
dog=ERG forest=in bite lizard | |||
It was the dog that bit the lizard in the forest. | |||
becomes the following: | |||
/pʰáˈzè̤t ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk=dè gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | |||
forest dog=ERG bite=in lizard=DAT | |||
In the forest, the dog bit the lizard. | |||
Likewise, in ditransitive sentences, the theme (i.e. whatever is given by the donor to the recipient) can also be topicalised by the same process e.g. | |||
/kʰwèi̤ ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ=tí gḭ̂b/ | |||
dog guardian=ERG bone=SEC give | |||
The dog was given a bone by the guardian. | |||
becomes | |||
/áˈjòṳ ˈsíʔtà=zù gḭ̂b=tì kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/ | |||
bone guardian=ERG bone=SEC give=SEC dog=DAT | |||
The bone was given to the dog by the guardian. | |||
When a pronoun is the object of the verb to be put into the applicative voice, the subject is put into the dative case instead e.g. when we apply the applicative voice to | |||
/kʰwèi̤ pʰáˈzè̤t=dé bwó=káiʔk/ | |||
dog forest=in 2PS.ACC=bite | |||
The dog will bite you in the forest. | |||
we get | |||
/pʰáˈzè̤t bwó=káiʔk=dé kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/ | |||
forest 2PS.ACC=bite=in dog=DAT | |||
In the forest, the dog will bite you. | |||
Notice that when the postpositions /mḁ/, /de/ and /ti/ attach to a noun, they have High Tone, since postpositional phrases are in Tone Class 2. However, when they attach to a verb, they have has Low Tone, since verbs are in Tone Class 1. | |||
This is clearly a cliticisation process, since adverbs can come before the particle but after the verb e.g. | |||
/pʰáˈzè̤t ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk tjǎ̤ŋ=dè gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | |||
forest dog=ERG bite yesterday=in lizard=DAT | |||
In the forest, the dog bit the lizard. | |||