Proto-Dalian: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dalian |nativename = |pronunciation = |states = countries in which it is mainly spoken |region = |ethnicity =...") |
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|nativename = | |nativename = | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
|ethnicity = [[Verse:Dalic peoples|Dalic peoples]] | |ethnicity = [[Verse:Dalic peoples|Dalic peoples]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Proto-Dalian''' | '''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*). | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
=== | ===Phonemes=== | ||
=== | {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | ||
=== | |+Consonants | ||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!colspan=2|Labial | |||
!colspan=2|Alveolar | |||
!colspan=2|Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| ||{{IPA|m}}|| ||{{IPA|n}}|| ||{{IPA|ŋ}} | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Stop | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
|{{IPA|p}}||{{IPA|b}}||{{IPA|t}}||{{IPA|d}}||{{IPA|k}}||{{IPA|g}} | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Prenasalised</small> | |||
|{{IPA|mp}}||{{IPA|mb}}||{{IPA|nt}}||{{IPA|nd}}||{{IPA|ŋk}}||{{IPA|ŋg}} | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Aspirated</small> | |||
|{{IPA|pʰ}}||{{IPA|bʰ}}||{{IPA|tʰ}}||{{IPA|dʰ}}||{{IPA|kʰ}}||{{IPA|gʰ}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Fricative | |||
|{{IPA|f}}||{{IPA|v}}||{{IPA|s}}||{{IPA|z}}||{{IPA|h₁}}||{{IPA|h₂}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Liquid | |||
| || ||{{IPA|ɬ r̥}}||{{IPA|l r}}|| || | |||
|} | |||
'''Vowels''': Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Line 32: | Line 65: | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
===Determiners=== | ===Determiners=== | ||
Proto-Dalian has a definite article which precedes the noun: | |||
<div style="float:left;"> | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="border:none; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!style="background-color:#fff; border-left:none; border-top:none;"|Animate | |||
!width=60px| Singular | |||
!width=60px| Dual | |||
!width=60px| Plural | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | |||
|to | |||
|ti | |||
|tis | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | |||
|no | |||
|*ni | |||
|nis | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | |||
|do | |||
|*di | |||
|*dis | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | |||
|o | |||
|i | |||
|is | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | |||
|so | |||
|*si | |||
|*sis | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | |||
|*ro | |||
|*ri | |||
|*ris | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="float:left;"> | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="border:none; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!style="background-color:#fff; border-left:none; border-top:none;"|Inanimate | |||
!width=75px| Generic | |||
!width=75px| Singulative | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | |||
|*sa | |||
|*san | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | |||
|ta | |||
|*tan | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | |||
|ga | |||
|*gan | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | |||
|va | |||
|van | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | |||
|na | |||
|nan | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | |||
|*ra | |||
|ran | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<br style="clear:left;"/> | |||
Proto-Dalian does not have an indefinite article. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
{{main|Dalian runes}} | {{main|Dalian runes}} | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | |||
|+Consonants | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!colspan=2|Labial | |||
!colspan=2|Alveolar | |||
!colspan=2|Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| || ᚾ || || ᛁ || || ᛅ | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Stop | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
| ᚫ || ᛚ || ᚠ || ᚴ || ᚻ || ᚺ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Prenasalised</small> | |||
| ᚾᚫ || ᚾᛚ || ᛁᚠ || ᛁᚴ || ᛅᚻ || ᛅᚺ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Aspirated</small> | |||
| ᛚ᛬ || ᛚ᛫ || ᚴ᛬ || ᚴ᛫ || ᚺ᛬ || ᚺ᛫ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Fricative | |||
| ᚭ || ᚿ || ᚥ || ᚢ || ᛬ || ᛫ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Liquid | |||
| || || ᛒ ᛣ || ᚹ ᛉ || || | |||
|} | |||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | |||
|+Vowels | |||
!a | |||
!aː | |||
!e | |||
!eː | |||
!i | |||
!iː | |||
!o | |||
!oː | |||
!u | |||
!uː | |||
|- | |||
|ᛖ | |||
|ᛗ | |||
|ᛋ | |||
|ᛋᛌ | |||
|ᛇ | |||
|ᛇᛌ | |||
|ᛕ | |||
|ᛕᛌ | |||
|ᚷ | |||
|ᚸ | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
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[[Category: | [[Category:Dalic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 06:07, 1 June 2019
Proto-Dalian | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Ethnicity | Dalic peoples |
Era | 5,000 – 3,000 years ago |
Dalic
|
Proto-Dalian was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the Dalic languages, including Andalian. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).
History
Phonology
Phonemes
Labial | Alveolar | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-v | +v | -v | +v | -v | +v | ||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Stop | Plain | p | b | t | d | k | g |
Prenasalised | mp | mb | nt | nd | ŋk | ŋg | |
Aspirated | pʰ | bʰ | tʰ | dʰ | kʰ | gʰ | |
Fricative | f | v | s | z | h₁ | h₂ | |
Liquid | ɬ r̥ | l r |
Vowels: Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction.
Syntax
Phrasal marker and clitics
Phrase structure
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
Determiners
Proto-Dalian has a definite article which precedes the noun:
Animate | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
nom | to | ti | tis |
acc | no | *ni | nis |
dat / all | do | *di | *dis |
gen / abl | o | i | is |
loc / ptv | so | *si | *sis |
ins | *ro | *ri | *ris |
Inanimate | Generic | Singulative |
---|---|---|
nom | *sa | *san |
acc | ta | *tan |
dat / all | ga | *gan |
gen / abl | va | van |
loc / ptv | na | nan |
ins | *ra | ran |
Proto-Dalian does not have an indefinite article.
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Writing system
Main article: Dalian runes
Labial | Alveolar | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-v | +v | -v | +v | -v | +v | ||
Nasal | ᚾ | ᛁ | ᛅ | ||||
Stop | Plain | ᚫ | ᛚ | ᚠ | ᚴ | ᚻ | ᚺ |
Prenasalised | ᚾᚫ | ᚾᛚ | ᛁᚠ | ᛁᚴ | ᛅᚻ | ᛅᚺ | |
Aspirated | ᛚ᛬ | ᛚ᛫ | ᚴ᛬ | ᚴ᛫ | ᚺ᛬ | ᚺ᛫ | |
Fricative | ᚭ | ᚿ | ᚥ | ᚢ | ᛬ | ᛫ | |
Liquid | ᛒ ᛣ | ᚹ ᛉ |
a | aː | e | eː | i | iː | o | oː | u | uː |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ᛖ | ᛗ | ᛋ | ᛋᛌ | ᛇ | ᛇᛌ | ᛕ | ᛕᛌ | ᚷ | ᚸ |