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IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Lexicon

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Swadesh list

Modern Canaanite
IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
Pronunciation	[/knaːniθ/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic North Semitic Canaanite Hebrew Modern Canaanite

Modern Canaanite (Canaanite: Knánith or sofø Knán, Togarmite: Xnoniþ) is the sole surviving descendant of Biblical Hebrew, spoken by the Knánim people in Lõis's Cyprus, Turkey, Armenia and the Levant. Some Lõisian rabbinical Jewish writings identify this language with the Lost Tribes of Israel, though they disavow the quasi-pagan religious practices of its speakers. This is not without cause, as the language preserves quite a few Biblical words and phraseology that fell out of use in Mishnaic Hebrew, though its grammar has been completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older Hebrew tenses.

Numbers: 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), sznay, szlusz, arbą, homisz, szesz, szewą, szmun, teszą, ngaxør

11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbą ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszą ngaxør, ngaxre

40: stay ngaxre

60: hlusz ngaxre

...

120: merkø

14400: rúø

before: kkorm

Orthography

Knánith is written in an alphabet descended from the Proto-Hebrew script.

Introduction

• Swadesh list
• bel-, ble- is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
• tiwdith = Thedish
• szą sze... = when...
• Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
• likkori = to die (lit. be called)
• szovuą = week
• midhborø = conference
• נא becomes a focus clitic =nø, they use it a lot
• Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > bett 'daughter'; TibH baṫ)

Phonology

Consonants

/m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s z ʃ ŋ k g x h l w j r/ ⟨m p b f v n t d th dh ts s/x z sz ng k g kh h l w y r⟩

Glottal reinforcement (transcribed by tt kk) occurs before historical Biblical Hebrew emphatics /tʼ kʼ tsʼ/, and also analogically in some other cases (cf. Glottalic PIE > RP English).

Biblical Hebrew /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.

Mutations

Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:

p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- v- th- dh- kh- Ø-

Vowels

/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə: ã:/ = ⟨a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ ą⟩

Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.

Prosody

Stress

Stress is always penultimate, except with some verbs where the lV- prefix does not have the stress.

Morphology

Knánith has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Biblical Hebrew.

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.

Knánith has lost grammatical gender.

• The regular "feminine" singular suffix is -ø or -th.
• The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -im or -e.
• The regular "feminine" plural is -uth.
• However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. benusz, blenusz = human

køfor, køforim = village, villages

bakkbøkk, bakkbøkkim = bottle, bottles

i, iim = island, islands

kiszø, kiszuth = cucumber, cucumbers

gøfø, gøfuth = corpse, corpses

takkrith, takkriyuth = incident, incidents

Canaanite has lost grammatical gender and the construct state. The only remnant of the construct state is the -th- interfix used in possessive constructions between two nouns that end and begin with a vowel, respectively: e.g.

• hadhør-mittø 'bedroom'
• ngønove-th-anf 'the grapes of wrath'
• nøszomø-th-ahwø 'spirit of brotherhood'

Degree markers:

• Suffective: de- = as X as; equally X; X enough
• Excessive: ro- = too (from Celtic)
• Comparative/Superlative: -ter = more X or most X; comparandum takes broth 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew *birʔōṫī ʔeṫ 'when I see ACC')

Verbs

Verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, prefixed with l-. Even for imperatives: Lathett lo hi! = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.

Regular pa3al verbs

The regular pattern is *liCCuC.

-t verbs

Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.

• lalakht /laˈlaxt/ = to go
• lakkakht /laʔˈkaxt/ = to take
• lasakht /laˈsaxt/ = to go back
• laszaft /laˈʃaft/ = to sit
• lathett /laˈθeʔt/ = to give
• larast /laˈrast/ = to go down
• lalast /laˈlast/ = to be born
• lasett /laˈseʔt/ = to carry
• latsett /laˈtseʔt/ = to go out
• lasątt /laˈsãːʔt/ = to travel
• laghątt /laˈɣãːʔt/ = to hit, to smite
• ladhątt /laˈðãːʔt/ = to know
• lattątt /laʔˈtãːʔt/ = to plant

Regular nif3al

The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.

Regular pi3el

The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.

Regular hif3il

The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.

Regular hithpa3el

The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.

Other verbs

Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.

Auxiliaries

Knánith has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural tem is also used as a polite pronoun.

Various auxiliaries in Knánith

→ Person ↓ Truth value	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.in	2pl	3pl	Non-pronominal
Affirmative	ni, i	to	te	u	hi	nanu, nu	tem	em	re, r'
Present emphatic	ngud i	ngud to	ngud te	nguden u	nguden hi	ngud nu	ngud tem	ngud em	ngud
Interrogative	am ni, am i	am to	am te	am u	am hi	am nu	am tem	am em	am
Negative	i mul	to mul	te mul	u mul	hi mul	nu mul	tem mul	em mul	___ mul
Past	si ni, sit i, sit ni	sit to	sit te	so u	sto hi	sin nu	sit tem	su'm	so/sto/su
Passive present	ur ni, ur i	tur to	tri te	yur u	tur hi	nur nu	tru tem	ru'm	yur/tur/ru
Passive past	var ni, var i, vart i	vart to	vart te	var u	vro hi	var nu	vart tem	vru'm	var/vro/vru
Subjunctive	ąs i	tąs to	tąs te	yąs u	tąs hi	nąs nu	tąsu tem	yąsu'm	yąs/tąs/yąsu
Future	lekh i	tlekh to	tlekh te	lekh u	tlekh hi	lekh nu	tlekhu tem	lekhu'm	lekh/tlekh/lekhu
"May"	kekh i	tkekh to	tkekh te	kekh u	tkekh hi	kekh nu	tkekhu tem	kekhu'm	kekh/tkekh/kekhu
"Do X more" - present	usif i	tusif to	tusif te	yusif u	tusif hi	nusif nu	tusif tem	yusifu'm	usif/tusif/yusifu
"Do X more" - past	seft i	seft to	seft te	sif u	sifo hi	sef nu	seft tem	sifu'm	usif/tusif/yusifu
Cautionary	zum i	tøzum to	tøzum te	izum u	tøzum hi	nøzum nu	tøzmu tem	izmu'm	izum/tozum/izmu

Cautionary future

The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb *zāmam 'to scheme'. It's used to:

• warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
  • Izum sąraz lovu henø kol ngeth. = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
  • Tøzum tafkestaz mul lith ngal szom! = 'The function might not be onto! [in a hypothetical math textbook, cautioning against a tacit assumption a reader might make]'
• often used in a threatening manner, for example: Lakh to mul yedhą ma zum i ląsuth lakh to! = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.

example of a knánith inflected preposition: lø "for"

• 1sg: li, li ni
• 2sg.m: lakh to
• 2sg.f: lakh te
• 3sg.m: lu hu, lú hu
• 3sg.f: lo hi, loy hi
• 1pl. lon nu, lonu
• 2pl. lém tem
• 3pl. lam em

Syntax

Constituent order

The order is tense-subject-verb-object.

R'iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.

The man is eating the apple.

Re beth-u bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.

His house is as big as a whale.

Sto hi lásuth halkkbeth-i bø muødh múhør.

She did her homework very late.

The negative particle mul (from mə'u'â lo 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.

Faulty accusative

Knánith has the faulty accusative particle tha (from Biblical Hebrew ʔeṫ ha-). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads.

Noun phrase

The definite article is a clitic:

• Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
• Plural: -il

Examples:

• hadhør = a room
• hadhraz = the room
• hadhrim = rooms
• hadhril = the rooms
• hadhør grul = a big room
• hadhør grulaz = the big room (< hah-hadhər hag-gâdhol haz-ze)
• botim grulim = big houses
• botim grulil = the big houses

• tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u = The apple, the man eats it

There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: szem-malkaz = the king's name.

To say "this X" or "that X", X-az fu and X-az szom (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ze fu and ze szom (where the ze becomes ilø in the plural).

The abstract demonstrative is zuth.

Verb phrase

Isz li rąv "I'm hungry"

Complementizer

There is a complementizer mar (from אמר ʔāmar) or zuth depending on dialect.

Vocabulary

Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable:

• anvinin, anevinin 'brick' from אבני בניין *ʔaḃ(a)nē ḃinyān 'building stones'
• szavdom, szavdomim 'carnage, destruction' from שפך דם *šáṗek̇ dām 'spilling of blood'
• ngemem, ngememuth 'source' from עין מים ʕēn máyim 'spring of water'
• laseppin 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
• kuliv 'conscience' from קול לב lit. 'voice of heart'

The CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not attested (the pattern appears first in Mishnaic Hebrew).

• bel, ble- = agentive
• beth- = place noun

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Kol blenuszil vru'm lalest kø hofszim; hem szowim ngal kovdaz ke tsrokkuthil. Blenuszil vru'm lifkudh bø vinø ke kuliv, ke re ngalem lalakht ngem szuthif bø nøszomø-th-ahwø.

all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit-EZAFE-brotherhood.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tower of Babel

1. Vro bø khow ngulømaz tha zuthø sofø lødhabir ke vru luthøm miluthil leszamisz.
2. Wini khi su'm bø lasątt me mizroh, su'm litakkil bø miszuraz Szinngor ke lithyaszev szom.
3. Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu ląsuth anevinin ke léfuth em ettev." Ke su anevininil løszamisz lom em kø avonil, ke hemør kø mawtt.
4. Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu levnuth kiriø ke mídøl bo hi, yąs ruszu hu lagią le szomayim, ki nąs nu ląsuth lonu szem, ke klu nąs nu lithpazir pli kow ngulømaz!"
5. Wini Eluim so u lovu mattø, ki yąs u lávitt bø kiriøzu ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø levnuth.
6. Ke Eluim so u lemur: "Bø szą sze su'm hátholø ląsuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø lødhabir áth sofø, yiye mum mikhszul mul lø madovør sze yąsu lithkavin ląsuth!
7. "Enø, bu tonu larest ke løvalbil sofø-th-em, klu yąsu'm lávin szuthif."
8. Kokh Eluim so u løfazir em, ke su'm ládul levnuth kiriøzu.
9. Ke me sibøzu fu sze kiriøzu bø lakkakht szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so Eluim løvalbil sofø kow ngulømaz. Me szom so Eluim løfazir em pli kow ngulømaz.