User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic: Difference between revisions
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''takkrith, takkriyuth'' = incident, incidents | ''takkrith, takkriyuth'' = incident, incidents | ||
Canaanite has lost | Canaanite has lost the construct state. The only remnant of the construct state is the -th- interfix used in possessive constructions between two nouns that end and begin with a vowel, respectively: e.g. | ||
*''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom' | *''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom' | ||
*''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath' | *''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath' | ||
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Degree markers: | Degree markers: | ||
* | *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X; X enough | ||
*Excessive: ''ro-'' = too (from Celtic) | *Excessive: ''ro-'' = too (from Celtic) | ||
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ter'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''broth'' 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*birʔōṫī ʔeṫ'' 'when I see ACC') | *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ter'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''broth'' 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*birʔōṫī ʔeṫ'' 'when I see ACC') | ||
Revision as of 03:13, 10 September 2019
IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Lexicon
IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Swadesh list
| Modern Canaanite | |
|---|---|
| IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic | |
| Pronunciation | [/knaːniθ/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Lõis |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Modern Canaanite (Canaanite: Knánith or sofø Knán, Togarmite: Xnoniþ) is the sole surviving descendant of Biblical Hebrew, spoken by the Knánim people in Lõis's Cyprus, Turkey, Armenia and the Levant. Some Lõisian rabbinical Jewish writings identify this language with the Lost Tribes of Israel, though they disavow the quasi-pagan religious practices of its speakers. This is not without cause, as the language preserves quite a few Biblical words and phraseology that fell out of use in Mishnaic Hebrew, though its grammar has been completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older Hebrew tenses.
Numbers: 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), sznay, szlusz, arbą, homisz, szesz, szewą, szmun, teszą, ngaxør
11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbą ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszą ngaxør, ngaxre
40: stay ngaxre
60: hlusz ngaxre
...
120: merkø
14400: rúø
before: kkorm
Orthography
Knánith is written in an alphabet descended from the Proto-Hebrew script.
Introduction
- Swadesh list
- bel-, ble- is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
- tiwdith = Thedish
- szą sze... = when...
- Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
- likkori = to die (lit. be called)
- szovuą = week
- midhborø = conference
- נא becomes a focus clitic =nø, they use it a lot
- Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > bett 'daughter'; TibH baṫ)
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
/m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s z ʃ ŋ k g x h l w j r/ ⟨m p b f v n t d th dh ts s/x z sz ng k g kh h l w y r⟩
Glottal reinforcement (transcribed by tt kk) occurs before historical Biblical Hebrew emphatics /tʼ kʼ tsʼ/, and also analogically in some other cases (cf. Glottalic PIE > RP English).
Biblical Hebrew /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
Mutations
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- v- th- dh- kh- Ø-
Vowels
/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə: ã:/ = ⟨a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ ą⟩
Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
Prosody
Stress
Stress is always penultimate, except with some verbs where the lV- prefix does not have the stress.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Knánith has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Biblical Hebrew.
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
Knánith has lost grammatical gender.
- The regular "feminine" singular suffix is -ø or -th.
- The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -im or -e.
- The regular "feminine" plural is -uth.
- However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. benusz, blenusz = human
køfor, køforim = village, villages
bakkbøkk, bakkbøkkim = bottle, bottles
i, iim = island, islands
kiszø, kiszuth = cucumber, cucumbers
gøfø, gøfuth = corpse, corpses
takkrith, takkriyuth = incident, incidents
Canaanite has lost the construct state. The only remnant of the construct state is the -th- interfix used in possessive constructions between two nouns that end and begin with a vowel, respectively: e.g.
- hadhør-mittø 'bedroom'
- ngønove-th-anf 'the grapes of wrath'
- nøszomø-th-ahwø 'spirit of brotherhood'
Degree markers:
- Equative: de- = as X as; equally X; X enough
- Excessive: ro- = too (from Celtic)
- Comparative/Superlative: -ter = more X or most X; comparandum takes broth 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew *birʔōṫī ʔeṫ 'when I see ACC')
Verbs
Verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, prefixed with l-. Even for imperatives: Lathett lo hi! = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
Regular pa3al verbs
The regular pattern is *liCCuC.
-t verbs
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
- lalakht /laˈlaxt/ = to go
- lakkakht /laʔˈkaxt/ = to take
- lasakht /laˈsaxt/ = to go back
- laszaft /laˈʃaft/ = to sit
- lathett /laˈθeʔt/ = to give
- larast /laˈrast/ = to go down
- lalast /laˈlast/ = to be born
- lasett /laˈseʔt/ = to carry
- latsett /laˈtseʔt/ = to go out
- lasątt /laˈsãːʔt/ = to travel
- laghątt /laˈɣãːʔt/ = to hit, to smite
- ladhątt /laˈðãːʔt/ = to know
- lattątt /laʔˈtãːʔt/ = to plant
Regular nif3al
The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
Regular pi3el
The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
Regular hif3il
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
Regular hithpa3el
The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
Other verbs
Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
Auxiliaries
Knánith has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural tem is also used as a polite pronoun.
| → Person ↓ Truth value |
1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl | Non-pronominal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | ni, i | to | te | u | hi | nanu, nu | tem | em | re, r' |
| Present emphatic | ngud i | ngud to | ngud te | nguden u | nguden hi | ngud nu | ngud tem | ngud em | ngud |
| Interrogative | am ni, am i | am to | am te | am u | am hi | am nu | am tem | am em | am |
| Negative | i mul | to mul | te mul | u mul | hi mul | nu mul | tem mul | em mul | ___ mul |
| Past | si ni, sit i, sit ni | sit to | sit te | so u | sto hi | sin nu | sit tem | su'm | so/sto/su |
| Passive present | ur ni, ur i | tur to | tri te | yur u | tur hi | nur nu | tru tem | ru'm | yur/tur/ru |
| Passive past | var ni, var i, vart i | vart to | vart te | var u | vro hi | var nu | vart tem | vru'm | var/vro/vru |
| Future/Subjunctive | ąs i | tąs to | tąs te | yąs u | tąs hi | nąs nu | tąsu tem | yąsu'm | yąs/tąs/yąsu |
| "May" | kekh i | tkekh to | tkekh te | kekh u | tkekh hi | kekh nu | tkekhu tem | kekhu'm | kekh/tkekh/kekhu |
| "Do X more" - present | usif i | tusif to | tusif te | yusif u | tusif hi | nusif nu | tusif tem | yusifu'm | usif/tusif/yusifu |
| "Do X more" - past | seft i | seft to | seft te | sif u | sifo hi | sef nu | seft tem | sifu'm | usif/tusif/yusifu |
| Cautionary | zum i | tøzum to | tøzum te | izum u | tøzum hi | nøzum nu | tøzmu tem | izmu'm | izum/tozum/izmu |
Cautionary future
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb *zāmam 'to scheme'. It's used to:
- warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
- Izum sąraz lovu henø kol ngeth. = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
- Tøzum tafkestaz mul lith ngal szom! = 'The function might not be onto! [in a hypothetical math textbook, cautioning against a tacit assumption a reader might make]'
- often used in a threatening manner, for example: Lakh to mul yedhą ma zum i ląsuth lakh to! = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
Prepositions
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
example of a knánith inflected preposition: lø "for"
- 1sg: li, li ni
- 2sg.m: lakh to
- 2sg.f: lakh te
- 3sg.m: lu hu, lú hu
- 3sg.f: lo hi, loy hi
- 1pl. lon nu, lonu
- 2pl. lém tem
- 3pl. lam em
Syntax
Constituent order
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
- R'iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.
- The man is eating the apple.
- Re beth-u bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.
- His house is as big as a whale.
- Sto hi lásuth halkkbeth-i bø muødh múhør.
- She did her homework very late.
The negative particle mul (from mə'u'â lo 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
Faulty accusative
Knánith has the faulty accusative particle tha (from Biblical Hebrew ʔeṫ ha-). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads.
Noun phrase
The definite article is a clitic:
- Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
- Plural: -il
Examples:
- hadhør = a room
- hadhraz = the room
- hadhrim = rooms
- hadhril = the rooms
- hadhør grul = a big room
- hadhør grulaz = the big room (< hah-hadhər hag-gâdhol haz-ze)
- botim grulim = big houses
- botim grulil = the big houses
- tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u = The apple, the man eats it
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: szem-malkaz = the king's name.
To say "this X" or "that X", X-az fu and X-az szom (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ze fu and ze szom (where the ze becomes ilø in the plural).
The abstract demonstrative is zuth.
Verb phrase
Isz li rąv "I'm hungry"
Sentence phrase
Complementizer
There is a complementizer mar (from אמר ʔāmar) or zuth depending on dialect.
Vocabulary
Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable:
- anvinin, anevinin 'brick' from אבני בניין *ʔaḃ(a)nē ḃinyān 'building stones'
- szavdom, szavdomim 'carnage, destruction' from שפך דם *šáṗek̇ dām 'spilling of blood'
- ngemem, ngememuth 'source' from עין מים ʕēn máyim 'spring of water'
- laseppin 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
- kuliv 'conscience' from קול לב lit. 'voice of heart'
The CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not attested (the pattern appears first in Mishnaic Hebrew).
- bel, ble- = agentive
- beth- = place noun
Example texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Kol blenuszil vru'm lalest kø hofszim; hem szowim ngal kovdaz ke tsrokkuthil. Blenuszil vru'm lifkudh bø vinø ke kuliv, ke re ngalem lalakht ngem szuthif bø nøszomø-th-ahwø.
- all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit-EZAFE-brotherhood.
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Tower of Babel
- Vro bø khow ngulømaz tha zuthø sofø lødhabir ke vru luthøm miluthil leszamisz.
- Wini khi su'm bø lasątt me mizroh, su'm litakkil bø miszuraz Szinngor ke lithyaszev szom.
- Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu ląsuth anevinin ke léfuth em ettev." Ke su anevininil løszamisz lom em kø avonil, ke hemør kø mawtt.
- Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu levnuth kiriø ke mídøl bo hi, yąs ruszu hu lagią le szomayim, ki nąs nu ląsuth lonu szem, ke klu nąs nu lithpazir pli kow ngulømaz!"
- Wini Eluim so u lovu mattø, ki yąs u lávitt bø kiriøzu ke mídølaz szer yu blenuszil bø levnuth.
- Ke Eluim so u lemur: "Bø szą szer su'm hátholø ląsuth zuth kø ódh ngom szer bø lødhabir áth sofø, yiye mum mikhszul mul lø madovør szer yąsu lithkawin ląsuth!
- "Enø, bu tonu larest ke løvalbil sofø-th-em, klu yąsu'm lávin szuthif."
- Kokh Eluim so u løfazir em, ke su'm ládul levnuth kiriøzu.
- Ke me sibøzu fu szer kiriøzu bø lakkakht szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so Eluim løvalbil sofø kow ngulømaz. Me szom so Eluim løfazir em pli kow ngulømaz.