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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Pangali
|name = Pangali
|nativename = Ngipangalusu'a,<br />Pangali
|nativename = Ńipańariâ,<br />Pańari
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.lu.zʉˈʔa],<br /> [paˈŋa.li]
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.ɹɨˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈði]
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|created = August 8th, 2019
|created = August 8th, 2019
Line 18: Line 18:
}}
}}


'''Pangali''' (English: /peɪŋˈgɑli/ or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is <s>a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature</s> a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own <s>gasket-blowing frustration</s> enjoyment and glee.  
'''Pangali''' (English: /pɑŋˈgɑli/, /peɪŋˈgɑli/, or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is <s>a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature</s> a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own <s>gasket-blowing frustration</s> enjoyment and glee.  
= Introduction =
= Introduction =
<big><center> '''[WARNING - ACHTUNG - AVERTISSEMENT]''' </center></big>
This article is '''very much''' a WIP, examples being inconsistency in formatting/style and references to features not yet fleshed out, as well as some small mentionings of a dialect called Luâi. I '''''realize''''' this is the case, however as someone who has ADHD (primarily inattentive type for the curious informed) and is ''extremely'' busy, my ability to consistently and coherently update this article is abysmal at best.
Thanks for understanding, people who obviously care as much as I do! /s
=== Fictional Setting ===
=== Fictional Setting ===
The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines.  
The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines.  
Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of Mpaluwika'unu towards the Phillipines. Enroute to their destination, however, they were intercepted by the Philippine Coast Guard some two hundred kilometers northeast of the coast of Tandag City and, controversially, detained for a period of 5 months and 23 days.
Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of Baluwikaûnu towards the Phillipines. Enroute to their destination, however, they were intercepted by the Philippine Coast Guard some two hundred kilometers northeast of the coast of Tandag City and, controversially, detained for a period of 5 months and 23 days.


Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating:  
Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating:  
Line 35: Line 40:
The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases.  
The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases.  
The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve.
The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve.
= Phonology and Orthography =
 
= Phonology =
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 21 phonemic consonants. Some unique features that may be noted are the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops and phonemic consonant length amongst the nasals, fricatives, and lateral approximant.
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.


The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
==== Consonants ====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
|-
|-
Line 48: Line 54:
! Labial
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2|Nasal
| m {{angbr|m}}
|m {{angbr|m}}
| n {{angbr|n}}
|n {{angbr|n}}
|
| ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
|
|
|-
|ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
! rowspan=2 |Stop
! Prenasalized
| ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
| ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
|
| ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! Plain
! Plain
| p {{angbr|p}}
|p {{angbr|p}}
| t {{angbr|t}}
|t {{angbr|t}}
|  
|
| k {{angbr|k}}
|k {{angbr|k}}
| ʔ {{angbr |ˆ}}
|ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Prenasalized
! Prenasalized
|
|ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
| /ⁿs/ {{angbr|z}}
|ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
|
|
|
|ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
|
|
|-
|-
! Plain
! colspan=2|Approximant
|  
|  
| /s/ {{angbr|s}}
|ɹ {{angbr|r}}
| /ʃ/ {{angbr|ś}}
|j {{angbr|j}}
|
|w {{angbr|w}}
|
|h {{angbr|h,hj}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
|/w/ {{angbr|w}}
|
|-
|-


==== Vowels ====
Notes:
{| class="class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
*The alveolar plosives /t/ and /ⁿt/ are laminal.
|+ '''Pangali Vowel Inventory'''
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
|+Pangali Vowel Inventory
|-  
|-  
!  || Front || Central || Back
!  || Front || Back
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| <center>/i/</center>
|i {{angbr|i}}
| <center>[ɨ] [ʉ]</center>
|u {{angbr|u}}
| <center>/u/</center>
|-
! Close Mid
|
|-
! Mid
|  <center>[ə]</center>
|-
! Open Mid
| <center>[ɛ]</center>
| <center>[ɐ]</center>
| <center>[ɔ]</center>
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|<center>/a/</center>
|a {{angbr|a}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 131: Line 107:


=== Romanization ===
=== Romanization ===
The Pangalu have no writing system and due to cultural reasons have declined offers to be taught the Romanization provided by academics. Despite this, field linguists who have begun the process of recording the language have developed a relatively Anglo-centric Romanization system, which is presented below in the following tables and shall be used throughout this article.
The Pangalu currently have no official writing system but offers to be taught the romanization used in the recorded lexicon produced by academics have been met with enthusiasim.
==== Consonants ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
=== Allophonic Variation ===
|+ '''Pangali Consonant Romanization'''
==== Plosives ====
|-
Comprising 12 different allophonic variations, Pangali's plosives are the most unstable aspect of the language's phonological inventory.
! || Bilabial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Velar || Glottal
===== <small>Sonorization</small> =====
Standard Pangali: Plain voiceless plosives become voiced in intervocalic positions.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
!Shift
!Example
|-
|-
! Nasal
!p → b / V_V
|  <center>m mm</center>
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a]
| <center>n nn</center>
|  <center>ng nng</center>
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
!t → d / V_V
| <center>p mp</center>
|/huwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈɣʷi]<sup>1</sup>
|  <center>t nt</center>
<center>k ngk</center>
| <center>'</center>
|-
|-
! Fricative
!k → g / V_V
|
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u]
|  <center>s ss</center>
|  <center>sh ssh</center>
|-
|-
! Approximant
|
| <center>l ll</center>
|
| <center>w</center>
|
|}
|}


==== Vowels ====
Notes:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
*A minority of speakers only voice /p t k/ in unstressed syllables, primarily in the more southern islands.
|+ '''Pangali Vowel Romanization'''
 
|-
===== <small>Dissimilation</small> =====
|| Front || Central || Back
 
Word initially, /p t k/ spirantize to [f s x] when the following syllable shares the same onset. Under the same conditions intervocalically, /p t k/ instead affricate to [p͡f t͡s k͡x]:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
!Word Initial
!Example
!Intervocalic
!Example
|-
!p → f / _Vp
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
!p → p͡f / V_Vp
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|-
|-
! Close
!t → s / _Vt
| <center>i</center>
|/'''t'''utiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈða]
!t → t͡s / V_Vt
| <center>u</center>
|/ᵐpi'''t'''utiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈða]
|-
|-
! Open
!k → x / _Vk
|<center>a</center>
|/'''k'''uka/ → ['''x'''uˈga]
|
!k → k͡x / V_Vk
|
|/ᵐpi'''k'''uka/ → [ᵐpi.'''k͡x'''uˈga]
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Allophonic Variation ===
Notes:
==== Intervocalic Lenition ====
*It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially.
Nonprenasalized and nongeminated consonants that occur intervocalically are voiced if the preceding syllable is unstressed:
*For the speakers from the island of ''Batawutarjikuri'' affricates continue to occur both word intially and intervocalically.
* '''upaki''' /upaki/ = [u.baˈki]
** '''ubaki''' /uᵐpaki / = [ˈu.ᵐpaˈki], not *[ˈu.ᵐbaˈki]


*'''ńutasa''' /ŋutasa/ = [ˈŋu.ta.zə]
==== Approximants ====
** '''ńutassa''' /ŋutasːa/ = [ˈŋu.taˌsːa], not *[ˈŋu.taˌzːa]
===== <small>Fortition</small> =====
/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð̠ ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable:


==== Centralization ====
{|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised to [ɐ]:
! Shifts
! colspan=2 | Examples
|-
! rowspan=2 | ɹ → ð̠
|/pa'''ɹ'''a/ → [paˈ'''ð̠'''a]
|-
|/ki'''ɹ'''i/ → [kiˈ'''ð̠'''i]
|-
! rowspan=2 | j → ʝ
|/iɹata'''j'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ʝ'''u]
|-
|/ni'''j'''a/ → [niˈ'''ʝ'''a]
|-
! rowspan=2 | w → ɣʷ
|/i'''w'''i/ → [iˈ'''ɣʷ'''i]
|-
|/ku'''w'''a/ [kuˈ'''ɣʷ'''a]
|-
|}


*'''śanuâ''' /ʃanuʔa/ = [ʃa.nʉˈʔa]
Notes:
*'''saâmmu''' /saʔamːu/ = [sɐˈʔaˌmːu]
*The most common realization of /ɹ/ is [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but some speakers may realize it as the sibilant counterpart [z] or even postalveolar [ʒ].
*'''piâ''' /piʔa/ = [pɨˈʔa]
*Speakers who realize /ɹ/ as [ʒ] typically merge [ʒ] and [ʝ] to [ʒ].
*Technically, /w/ would be better transcribed as [ɣʷ~ɣ] due to notable free variation, however [ɣʷ] is more commonly encountered and thus the more common transcription.


==== Lowering of Close Vowels ====
==== Vowels ====
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:


*'''sidu''' /siⁿtu/ = [ˈsɛ.ⁿtu]
===== <small>Centralization</small> =====
*'''úńa''' /ʔuŋa/ = [ˈʔɔ. ŋa]
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:


==== Labio-Velar Fortition ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
/w/ fortifies to [g<sup>w</sup>] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] intervocalically when the preceding syllable is unstressed:
|-
!Shift
!Example
|-
!a → ɐ /_ʔ
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup>
|-
!u → ʉ /_ʔ
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup>
|-
!i → ɨ /
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|-
|}


*'''wupani''' /wupani/ = [ˈgʷu.pa.ni]
Notes:
**'''wapani''' /wapani/ = [ˈwa.pa.ni], not *[ˈgʷa.pa.ni]
*Southern speakers do not raise /a/, but rather retract it to [ɑ]
*'''ńisatawu''' /ŋisatawu/ = [ˈŋi.sa.da.vu]
*For many speakers, [ɨ] and [ʉ] may be in free variation with [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.  
**'''hawi''' /ʔawi/ = [ˈʔa.wi], not *[ˈʔa.vi]


==== Open Vowel Reduction ====
===== <small>Lowering</small> =====
/a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed:
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:


*'''uguśala''' /uᵑkuʃala/ = [ɔ.ˈᵑku.ʃa.lə]
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
**'''gila''' /ᵑkila/ = [ˈᵑki.la], not *[ᵑkilə]
|-
!Shift
!colspan=2 | Examples
|-
!i → ɛ /_N
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|-
!u → ɔ /_N
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|-
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Line 225: Line 240:


==== Syllable Structure ====
==== Syllable Structure ====
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant, while word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open. This is true even for geminate consonants, thus they are analyzed as single consonants as opposed to a sequence of [VC.CV].
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant except for /ɹ/ and /j/.
 
Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets, with the exception of /h/, which may only appear word initially. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open.
 
==== Epenthesis ====
==== Epenthesis ====
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
*/satawu/ + /ulunasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷɔ ŋu.lɔˈna.sa]
*/hatawu/ + /utunasa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷɔ ŋu..naˈða]
**/satawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷu ˈŋa.ᵐpi.na.zə]
**/hatawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinaɹa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷu ŋa.ᵐpi.naˈða]


==== Loanwords ====
==== Loanwords ====
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Note the insertion of /u/ to break apart clusters and avoid final consonants in the following example.
Note the simplification of clusters to the second consonant in the example below:


*Helicopter: /ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɚ/ > '''alikuputalu'' /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.li.gu.bu.da.lu]
*Helicopter: /ˈheliˌkɔptə(ɹ)/ →  /hiɹikuta/


==== Stress ====
==== Stress ====
Pangali determines lexical stress via two categories, '''Onset Placement''' and '''Onset Articulation'''. The table below shows the subcategories for each in descending fashion, with the categories becoming "weaker" in attracting stress as one moves to the right.
Lexical stress in Pangali falls on the final syllable of the root, and this remains true even if derivational suffixes apply.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Onset Placement !! Onset Articulation
|-
| Glottal > Velar > Postalveolar > Alveolar > Bilabial || Geminated > Coarticulated > Plain
|}
 
For example. the stress of */kVtVpV/ would invariably be [ˈkV.tV.bV] because velar consonants attract stress more strongly than either alveolars or bilabials. The same would also be true if the syllable order were reversed, thus */pVtVkV/ would be realized as [bV.dVˈkV]. However, if the prefix */ʔV/ is added, then the word would be stressed as  *[ˈʔV.pV.dV.gV] since /ʔ/ attracts stress more than any other consonant in the word.
 
When Onset Articulation is factored in, then prenasalized consonants are stronger than any plain consonants, however geminated consonants are only greater than their plain counterparts and gain secondary stress when stronger plain placements are present within a word.
 
Thus /ᵐp/ will always attract stress over /ʔ/, /k/, or /w/ despite its placement of bilabial being "weaker" than the velar placement; a word such as /ŋutasːa/ is stressed as [ˈŋu.taˌsːa], not *[ŋu.daˈsːa].
 
Stress is placed on the initial syllable whenever all onsets in a word are identical; when two identical strong consonants are present in any word 3 syllables or longer then the most left-leaning strong syllable is stressed. In cases where an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted, the modified word does not change its original stress pattern.


= Numbers =
= Numbers =
Line 306: Line 309:
Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):
Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):


'''Dimumi wabuśi kasuwiśikawi'''
[ⁿtɛ.mɔˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|ka.ɹu.wi.ɹi.ɡaˈvi]


animal-ACC father.ERG CAUS-eat
animal-ACC | father.ERG | CAUS-eat


''The father is feeding the animal''
''The father is feeding the animal''


'''Ńakukumami wabuśi iśikawi su unańalu namulinawi'''
[ŋa.k͡xu.ɡɔ.maˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|i.ɹi.ɡaˈvi|hu|u.na.ŋaˈɡʷu|na.mu.wɛ.naˈvi]


1P.GEN-apple-ACC father.ERG CAUS-eat REL INTRANS-I fear
1P.GEN-apple-ACC | father.ERG CAUS-eat | REL | INTRANS-I | fear


''I fear that my father is eating my apple.''
''I fear that my father is eating my apple.''

Latest revision as of 12:39, 12 September 2019


Pangali
Ńipańariâ,
Pańari
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|[[ŋi.ba.ŋa.ɹɨˈʔa],
[pa.ŋaˈði]]]]
Created bySámuel Hiette Kannosíni
DateAugust 8th, 2019
Language codes
BRCLblue

Pangali (English: /pɑŋˈgɑli/, /peɪŋˈgɑli/, or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own gasket-blowing frustration enjoyment and glee.

Introduction

[WARNING - ACHTUNG - AVERTISSEMENT]

This article is very much a WIP, examples being inconsistency in formatting/style and references to features not yet fleshed out, as well as some small mentionings of a dialect called Luâi. I realize this is the case, however as someone who has ADHD (primarily inattentive type for the curious informed) and is extremely busy, my ability to consistently and coherently update this article is abysmal at best.

Thanks for understanding, people who obviously care as much as I do! /s

Fictional Setting

The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines. Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of Baluwikaûnu towards the Phillipines. Enroute to their destination, however, they were intercepted by the Philippine Coast Guard some two hundred kilometers northeast of the coast of Tandag City and, controversially, detained for a period of 5 months and 23 days.

Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating:

“Due to the immense language and cultural barrier, as well as concern for the potential spread of disease to the isolated people, and questions regarding their motivation for travel made difficult by the aforementioned barriers, quarantine and detainment procedures were deemed not only the most efficient course of action, but also the safest, for all parties involved.”

The following months gave rise to an increase of international attention surrounding the Pangali people and the continuing communication efforts between them and the Philippine Government. It was later announced by the Philippine DFA that the isolated tribe “no longer wishes to be isolated”, and thus were subsequently placed underneath an international spotlight.

Naturally with the indigenous people now slowly but surely increasing contact with the modern world, records of their culture and language are a must in order to maintain a positive relationship, and thus the purpose of this wiki is, succinctly summarized, to address the linguistic side of such matters.

Classification

The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases. The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve.

Phonology

In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (ha, pun!) mundane all at the same time.

Phoneme Inventory

Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.

The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.

Notes:
  • The alveolar plosives /t/ and /ⁿt/ are laminal.
Pangali Consonant Inventory
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m m n n ŋ ń
Plosive Plain p p t t k k ʔ ˆ
Prenasalized ᵐp b ⁿt d ᵑk g
Approximant ɹ r j j w w h h,hj
Pangali Vowel Inventory
Front Back
Close i i u u
Open a a

Romanization

The Pangalu currently have no official writing system but offers to be taught the romanization used in the recorded lexicon produced by academics have been met with enthusiasim.

Allophonic Variation

Plosives

Comprising 12 different allophonic variations, Pangali's plosives are the most unstable aspect of the language's phonological inventory.

Sonorization

Standard Pangali: Plain voiceless plosives become voiced in intervocalic positions.

Shift Example
p → b / V_V /ʔupa/ → [ʔuˈba]
t → d / V_V /huwutuwi/ → [hu.wu.duˈɣʷi]1
k → g / V_V /ⁿtaku/ → [ⁿtaˈgu]

Notes:

  • A minority of speakers only voice /p t k/ in unstressed syllables, primarily in the more southern islands.
Dissimilation

Word initially, /p t k/ spirantize to [f s x] when the following syllable shares the same onset. Under the same conditions intervocalically, /p t k/ instead affricate to [p͡f t͡s k͡x]:

Word Initial Example Intervocalic Example
p → f / _Vp /papa/ → [faˈba] p → p͡f / V_Vp /ᵐpipapa/ → [ᵐpi.p͡faˈba]
t → s / _Vt /tutiɹa/ → [su.diˈða] t → t͡s / V_Vt /ᵐpitutiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.t͡su.diˈða]
k → x / _Vk /kuka/ → [xuˈga] k → k͡x / V_Vk /ᵐpikuka/ → [ᵐpi.k͡xuˈga]

Notes:

  • It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially.
  • For the speakers from the island of Batawutarjikuri affricates continue to occur both word intially and intervocalically.

Approximants

Fortition

/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð̠ ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable:

Shifts Examples
ɹ → ð̠ /paɹa/ → [paˈð̠a]
/kiɹi/ → [kiˈð̠i]
j → ʝ /iɹataju/ → [i.ɹa.daˈʝu]
/nija/ → [niˈʝa]
w → ɣʷ /iwi/ → [iˈɣʷi]
/kuwa/ → [kuˈɣʷa]

Notes:

  • The most common realization of /ɹ/ is [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but some speakers may realize it as the sibilant counterpart [z] or even postalveolar [ʒ].
  • Speakers who realize /ɹ/ as [ʒ] typically merge [ʒ] and [ʝ] to [ʒ].
  • Technically, /w/ would be better transcribed as [ɣʷ~ɣ] due to notable free variation, however [ɣʷ] is more commonly encountered and thus the more common transcription.

Vowels

Centralization

Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:

Shift Example
a → ɐ /_ʔ /haʔamu/ → [hɐ.ʔaˈmu]2
u → ʉ /_ʔ /hanuʔa/ → [ha.nʉˈʔa]2
i → ɨ /_ʔ /piʔa/ → [pɨˈʔa]

Notes:

  • Southern speakers do not raise /a/, but rather retract it to [ɑ]
  • For many speakers, [ɨ] and [ʉ] may be in free variation with [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.
Lowering

/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:

Shift Examples
i → ɛ /_N /hiⁿtu/ → [hɛˈⁿtu] /tatinu/ → [sa.dɛˈnu]
u → ɔ /_N uŋa/ → [ʔɔˈŋa] /kumaki/ → [kɔ.maˈgi]

Phonotactics

Syllable Structure

Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant except for /ɹ/ and /j/.

Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets, with the exception of /h/, which may only appear word initially. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open.

Epenthesis

In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.

  • /hatawu/ + /utunasa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷɔ ŋu.dɔ.naˈða]
    • /hatawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinaɹa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷu ŋa.ᵐpi.naˈða]

Loanwords

Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible. Note the simplification of clusters to the second consonant in the example below:

  • Helicopter: /ˈheliˌkɔptə(ɹ)/ → /hiɹikuta/

Stress

Lexical stress in Pangali falls on the final syllable of the root, and this remains true even if derivational suffixes apply.

Numbers

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Nouns

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Verbs

While other languages such as Spanish follow a Tense-Aspect-Mood (TAM) system, in which the three categories are largely conflated amongst conjugation paradigms, Pangali primarily expresses these categories in an agglutinative fashion. Where each category can cleanly be separated morpheme by morpheme.

The 6 categories that verbs in Pangali conjugate for are: Person, Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Evidentiality.

Person

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Tense

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Present Tense

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Past Tense

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Aspect

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Episodic

Gnomic
Habitual

Stative

Inchoative
Cessative
Progressive
Continuous
Discontinuous

Relative

Retrospective
Prospective

Mood

Evidentiality

Derivational Morphology

Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum.

Syntax

Parameter Order

Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):

[ⁿtɛ.mɔˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|ka.ɹu.wi.ɹi.ɡaˈvi]

animal-ACC | father.ERG | CAUS-eat

The father is feeding the animal

[ŋa.k͡xu.ɡɔ.maˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|i.ɹi.ɡaˈvi|hu|u.na.ŋaˈɡʷu|na.mu.wɛ.naˈvi]

1P.GEN-apple-ACC | father.ERG CAUS-eat | REL | INTRANS-I | fear

I fear that my father is eating my apple.

Topicalization

With the exception of the verb, which must be in the final position of a clause, phrases that are emphasized generally come first in a sentence.

Śikimi baúmaliku śuwiwaúśuwi (Neutral)

child-ACC bird.ERG DIM-bite

The bird nipped the child

-

Baúmaliku śikimi śuwiwaúśuwi (Emphasis on baúmaliku)

bird.ERG child-ACC DIM-bite

It was the bird that nipped the child