Kämpya: Difference between revisions

If a nasal coda occurs before /h/, an approximant, or at the end of a word, it is often pronounced as nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. /nâḭm/ - "name" is pronounced [nâḭⁿ]. But likewise it is still present underlyingly, as can be seen when combined with the dative clitic /àuŋ/ to form /nâḭm=àuŋ/ - "to the name", which is pronounced [nâḭmàuⁿ].

Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /ji/ or the dative clitic /auŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these processes do not occur e.g.

# The vowel in STRUT normally became /a/ e.g. /wà̰n/ - "one". However, before /l/, it became /au/ e.g. /kâṵ/ - "skull".

# The vowel in GOOSE became /u/ in unstressed syllables, and usually became /ei/ in stressed syllables e.g. /gèi̤/ - "goose", /tʰêḭ/ - "two". However, before another vowel, it became /e/ e.g. /sʰḛ̂wà/ - "sewer". In stressed syllables before /l/, it became /u/ e.g. /tʰṵ̂/ - "tool"

# The vowel in PRICE became /ou/ in stressed syllables, and /ai/ in unstressed syllables e.g. /pʰwòṳ/ - "price", /ˈḭ̂mwài/ - "invitation" (from an initial stressed derived form of "invite"). However, before /l/ it became /oju/ in stressed syllables, and /aju/ elsewhere e.g. /tʰô̰jù/ - "tile"

The deleted object can be re-introduced at the end of the sentence using the dative clitic /-àuŋ/ (note that this does not change the tone class of the noun) e.g.

/dô̰k θú=ˈbíʔ ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ/

dog ANTIP=bite lizard=DAT

/dô̰k θú=ˈbíʔ ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ áˈwâḭ/

dog ANTIP=bite lizard=DAT flee

/ˈsʰíʔtà bàṵn=tá θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/

guardian bone=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT

/ˈsʰíʔtà n̥ḛ̀=ɾá θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/

guardian snare=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT

To topicalise a noun in a postpositional phrase, Kämpya uses applicative constructions [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice]. These are formed by first shifting the noun in the absolutive case to the end of the sentence (and marking it with the dative clitic /-àuŋ/). In turn, the noun that the postposition was attached to goes into the absolutive case (and changes to Tone Class 1), and the postposition is placed after the verb as a clitic e.g. from the sentence:

/pʰò̤wè ˈdô̰k=zù ˈbíʔ=kà ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ/

forest dog=ERG bite=LOC lizard=DAT

/ˈbwḛ̂lì déˈpáʔɾ=hwàm ˈḛ̂nèm=àuŋ/

valley depart=from enemy=DAT

/bâṵn ˈsʰíʔtà=zù ˈgḭ̂p=tá ˈdô̰k=àuŋ/

bone guardian=ERG give=SEC dog=DAT

/pʰò̤wè té=ˈbíʔ=kà dô̰k=àuŋ/

forest 2PS.ACC=bite=LOC dog=DAT

/pʰò̤wè ˈdô̰k=zù bíʔ ˈˈjě̤tài=kà ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ/

forest dog=ERG bite yesterday.ADV=LOC lizard=DAT

/ˈsʰíʔtà ˈkèʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/

guardian Q.ACC=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT

/θú=ˈbíʔ dô̰k ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ éi=ˈhḛ̂b/

ANTIP=bite dog lizard=DAT Q.ERG=have

/θú=ˈbíʔ bá=dô̰k ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ/

Attaching the clitic to a noun in the ergative case is ungrammatical e.g. */bá=dô̰k=zù ˈbíʔ lḭ̂zàd/. Also the clitic cannot attach to a topicalised noun e.g. */bá=dô̰k θú=ˈbíʔ ˈlḭ̂zàd=àuŋ/.

/ˈlḭ̂zàd=zù ˈbíʔ=kà bá=pʰò̤wè ˈdô̰k=àuŋ/

lizard=ERG bite=LOC forest dog=DAT which

/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí péiʔk kʰḭ̂d ˈdô̰k=zù ˈbíʔ ˈlḭ̂zàd/

/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí péiʔk kʰḭ̂d wá=bàṵn=tá gá=gḭ̂p dô̰k/

/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈdè̤sì ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tá gá=gḭ̂p dô̰k/

mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog

/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tá gḭ̂p dô̰k/

mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC give dog

/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tá sʰái=gḭ̂p dô̰k/

mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog

The mother told the child that she (the mother) must give the dog a bone (the speaker didn't see the act of giving, but heard about it).

/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾá péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tá gḭ̂p dô̰k/

/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾá θú=ˈpéiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tá gḭ̂p dô̰k/

mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog

When reporting what someone else has said, both clauses need to marked for evidentiality, both from the point of view of the speaker e.g.

/ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾí mí=ˈpéiʔk ˈḛ̂nèm déˈpʰáʔɾ/

child SBRD.ACC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy depart

The child told me the enemy departed (and I saw it happen too).

/ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾí mí=ˈpéiʔk ˈḛ̂nèm sái=déˈpʰáʔɾ/

child SBRD.ACC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy REP=depart

The child told me the enemy departed (but I didn't see it, I just heard about it).

To say "more than ...", Kämpya speakers say ... /tʰáp/, where /téŋ/ is a postpositional clitic that also means "above" e.g.