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==== Nominative Case ====
==== Nominative Case ====


The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions  The nominative case is marked by '''-n''', and has an allomorph in '''-r''', which manifests in the usual way.
The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions  The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''.


* '''''Iven''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Iven''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
 
In the instance of a predicate-like construction of the form '''X is Y''', the X and Y are marked by the nominative, but X has an additional affix '''-avjas''' after the nominative marking. This may be understood as an additional nominative case in full as '''-navjas''' or '''-ravjas'''.
 
* '''''Ivenavjas''' ururyandan''. "The bird is old."
* '''''Iudēravjas''' ettan ururyanden''. Those birds are old ducks.


The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.
The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.


* '''aphra-ljān''' "against the water"
* '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraiden''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyen''' "as the king"
* '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelan''' "via the shore"
* '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwān''' "like the butterfly"
* '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimen''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettan''' "with, together with the trees"
* '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees"


==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ====
==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ====
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==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ====
==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ====


The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''-ir'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''-s'''.  


* ''Iven '''heneler''' uvuxa''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnuir''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."


The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.


* '''ehda-luimir''' "until first spring"
* '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-ember''' "upon the face"
* '''ui-embas''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljáir''' "under the water"
* '''lu-ljās''' "under the water"
* '''ar-maner''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-maner''' "over the land"
* '''nai-manas''' "over the land"


==== Dative Case ====
==== Dative Case ====


The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-a'''.
The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''.


* ''Vrunnur '''ljumrurā''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdan lavraidi '''ivea''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."
* ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."


The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.
The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.


* '''nur-sriddā''' "through/during the summer"
* '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyā''' "on behalf of Elya"
* '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya"


==== Genitive Case ====
==== Genitive Case ====


The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is marked similarly to the nominative case, with the exception of lengthening the final vowel before the '''-n''' or '''-r'''.
The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''.


When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.
When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.


* '''lavraide kaludān''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudān''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"  
* '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"  


The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.
The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.


* '''ehba-idūr''' "without light"
* '''ehba-idur''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryēn''' "with/having friends"
* '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends"


==== Vocative Case ====
==== Vocative Case ====
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub>
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub>
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub>
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ives''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maner''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manas''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manes''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub>
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub>
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub>
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáiya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailía''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailíur''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
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