Proto-Maro-Ephenian: Difference between revisions

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! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal  
! colspan="3" | Coronal  
! colspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="3" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small> dental <small>
! <small> dental <small>
! <small> alveolar <small>
! <small> lateral <small>
! <small> lateral <small>
! <small> post-<br>alveolar <small>
! <small> post-<br>alveolar <small>
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! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *m
| *m
| colspan="3" | *n
| colspan="2" | *n
| colspan="2" | *ń
| colspan="2" | *ń
|
|
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| *p
| *p
| *t
| *t
| *t̂
| *tˡ
| *tˡ
| *t́
| *t́
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|  
|  
| *d
| *d
| *d̂
| *dˡ
| *dˡ
| *d́
| *d́
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| *bʰ
| *bʰ
| *dʰ
| *dʰ
| *d̂ʰ
| *dˡʰ
| *dˡʰ
| *d́ʰ
| *d́ʰ
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| *gʰ
| *gʰ
| *gʷʰ
| *gʷʰ
|
| *ɡ̆ʰ
|
| *ɡ̆ʷʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
|
| colspan="4" | *s
| colspan="3" | *s
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" | Trill
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| colspan="2" | *r₁, *r₂
|
| colspan="7" | *r₃
|
| *r₁
| colspan="5" | *r₂
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Lateral
|
|
| *l₁
| colspan="6" | *l₂
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
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|
|
|
|
| *l
| colspan="2" | *i̯
|
| *y
|
|
| *w
| *u̯
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" | Talothic  
! colspan="2" | Talothic  
! colspan="2" | Iscaric  
! colspan="2" | Iscaric  
! rowspan="2" | Proto-<br>Fyrdic
|-
|-
! Proto-<br>Maro-<br>Stiric
! Proto-<br>Maro-<br>Stiric
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! Old<br>Marian
! Old<br>Marian
! Proto-<br>Talothic
! Proto-<br>Talothic
! Dalitian
! [[Dalitian]]
! Proto-<br>Iscaric
! Proto-<br>Iscaric
! Aeranir
! [[Aeranir]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *p
! *p
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| *p
| *p
| p
| p
| *f; *b
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *bʰ
! *bʰ
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| *ɸ; *β
| *ɸ; *β
| f, b
| f, b
| *b; *f
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *t
! *t
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| *t; *tʰ; *ts; *ťť
| *t; *tʰ; *ts; *ťť
| t, th, s, tt
| t, th, s, tt
| *t̪
| *t̪; *ts
| t
| t, ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d
! *d
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| *d̪
| *d̪
| d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *dʰ
! *dʰ
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| *θ; *ð
| *θ; *ð
| f, d; b
| f, d; b
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *t̂
! *t̂
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| *t; *tʰ; *ts; ťť
| *t; *tʰ; *ts; ťť
| t, th, s, tt
| t, th, s, tt
| *t
| *t; *ts
| t
| t, ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d̂
! *d̂
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| *d
| *d
| d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d̂ʰ
! *d̂ʰ
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| *r̥; *r̝; d
| *r̥; *r̝; d
| rh [r̥], r; b, d
| rh [r̥], r; b, d
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *tˡ
! *tˡ
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| *ts; *ťť
| *ts; *ťť
| s, tt
| s, tt
| *tɬ
| *tɬ; *ts
| tl [tɬ]
| tl [tɬ], ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *dˡ
! *dˡ
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| *d
| *d
| d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *dˡʰ
! *dˡʰ
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| *ɬ; *ɮ; d
| *ɬ; *ɮ; d
| f, l; b, d
| f, l; b, d
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *t́
! *t́
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| *ts; *ťť
| *ts; *ťť
| s, tt
| s, tt
| *ts̠
| *ts
| ȥ
| ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d́
! *d́
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| *d
| *d
| d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d́ʰ
! *d́ʰ
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| *s̠; *z̠; d
| *s̠; *z̠; d
| s, r; b, d
| s, r; b, d
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *ḱ
! *ḱ
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| *k
| *k
| c
| c
| *h; *g
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *ǵ
! *ǵ
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| *g
| *g
| g
| g
| *k; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *ǵʰ
! *ǵʰ
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| *x; *ɣ
| *x; *ɣ
| h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g
| h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g
| *g; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *k
! *k
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| *k
| *k
| c
| c
| *h; *g
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *g
! *g
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| *g
| *g
| g
| g
| *k; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *gʰ
! *gʰ
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| *x; *ɣ
| *x; *ɣ
| h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g
| h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g
| *g; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *kʷ
! *kʷ
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| *kʷ
| *kʷ
| cu; c
| cu; c
| *hw; *gw; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *gʷ
! *gʷ
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| *gʷ
| *gʷ
| v [ʋ]; gu
| v [ʋ]; gu
| *kw; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *gʷʰ
! *gʷʰ
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| *xʷ; *ɣʷ
| *xʷ; *ɣʷ
| f, v [ʋ]; gu
| f, v [ʋ]; gu
| *gw; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *q
! *q
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| *q
| *q
| q
| q
| *ħ; *ʕ
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *qʷ
! *qʷ
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| *qʷ
| *qʷ
| qu; q
| qu; q
| *ħw; *ʕw; *ħ
|}
|}
==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Noun declension
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! athematic
! thematic
! pronominal
! athematic
! thematic
! pronominal
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''*-s''
| ''*-os''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-s†''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-r₁''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-or₁''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ōs''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''*-e''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''*-m̥''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-om''
| ''*-ē''
| ''*-i''
| ''*-oy''
| ''*-ō(n)''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Inanimate Nom/Acc
| ''*-d''
| ''*-n̥t''
| ''*-ont''
| ''*-er₁''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''*-u''
| ''*-ow''
| ''*-wos''
| ''*-ur₁''
| ''*-owr̥₁''
| ''*-uh''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''*-s/*-es/*-os''
| ''*-osyo''
| ''*-oy''
| ''*-ir₁''
| ''*-obʰos''
| ''*-stros''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| ''*-ey/-oy''
| ''*-oey/-ōy''
| ''*-bʰey''
| ''*-n̥r₃''
| ''*-onr̥₃''
| ''*-sbʰeys''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| ''*-eyd''
| ''*-er₂d''
| ''*-e-e‡''
| ''*-n̥s''
| ''*-ons''
| ''*-mos''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| ''*-sis''
| ''*-osis''
| ''*-eys''
| ''*-sr̥₂''
| ''*-osr̥₂''
| ''*-esr̥₂''
|}


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==

Latest revision as of 15:59, 26 December 2019

Proto-Maro-Ephenian
Created byLimius
SettingAvrid
Maro-Ephenian
  • Proto-Maro-Ephenian
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Proto-Maro-Ephenian (PME) is the ancient common ancestor of the Maro-Ephenian languages, spoken broadly throughout Ephenia, Eubora, and parts of Suria. This includes Aeranir and its descendants, Dalitian, and many others.

Phonology

Consonant phonemes
Labial Coronal Velar Uvular Glottal
dental lateral post-
alveolar 		palato-
velar 		plain labial plain labial
Nasal *m *n *ń
Stop voiceless *p *t *tˡ *t́ *ḱ *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *d *dˡ *d́ *ɡ́ *g *gʷ
aspirated *bʰ *dʰ *dˡʰ *d́ʰ *ɡ́ʰ *gʰ *gʷʰ *ɡ̆ʰ *ɡ̆ʷʰ
Fricative *s *h
Trill *r₁ *r₂
Lateral *l₁ *l₂
Approximate *i̯ *u̯

Sound laws

Consonant phonemes
PME Maro-Stiric Talothic Iscaric Proto-
Fyrdic
Proto-
Maro-
Stiric 		Stiric Old
Marian 		Proto-
Talothic 		Dalitian Proto-
Iscaric 		Aeranir
*p *p; *pʰ p, ph p, f *p; *pʰ; *pť p, ph, pt *p p *f; *b
*bʰ *bʰ; b bh, b b *pʰ; *p; *pť ph, p, pt *ɸ; *β f, b *b; *f
*t *t; *tʰ t, th t, ϑ *t; *tʰ; *ts; *ťť t, th, s, tt *t̪; *ts t, ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*d *d; *dʰ d, dh d *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď d, th, s, z *d̪ d *t
*dʰ *dʰ; *d dh, d d *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť th, t, s, tt *θ; *ð f, d; b *d
*t̂ *ʈ; *ʈʰ ṭ, ṭh t, ϑ *t; *tʰ; *ts; ťť t, th, s, tt *t; *ts t, ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*d̂ *ɖ; *ɖʰ ḍ; ḷ, ḍh; ḷh d *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď d, th, s, z *d d *t
*d̂ʰ *ɖʰ; *ɖ ḍh; ḷh, ḍ; ḷ d *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť th, t, s, tt *r̥; *r̝; d rh [r̥], r; b, d *d
*tˡ *č; *čʰ c, ch č *ts; *ťť s, tt *tɬ; *ts tl [tɬ], ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*dˡ *ǰ; *ǰʰ j, h ǰ *ds; *ďď s, z *d d *t
*dˡʰ *ǰʰ; *ǰ h, j ǰ *ts; *ťť s, tt *ɬ; *ɮ; d f, l; b, d *d
*t́ *č; *čʰ c, ch č *ts; *ťť s, tt *ts ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*d́ *ǰ; *ǰʰ j, h ǰ *ds, *ďď s, z *d d *t
*d́ʰ *ǰʰ; *ǰ h, j ǰ *ts; *ťť s, tt *s̠; *z̠; d s, r; b, d *d
*ḱ *ĉ ś ϑ *k; *kʰ; *ťť k, kh, tt *k c *h; *g
*ǵ *ǰ; *ǰʰ j, h d *g; *kʰ; *ďď g, kh, z *g g *k; *h
*ǵʰ *ǰʰ; *ǰ h, j d *kʰ; k; *ťť kh, k, tt *x; *ɣ h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g *g; *h
*k *k; *kʰ; *č k, kh, c k, x, č *k; *kʰ; *ťť k, kh, tt *k c *h; *g
*g *g; *gʰ; *ǰ g, gh, j g, ǰ *g; *kʰ; *ďď g, kh, z *g g *k; *h
*gʰ *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ gh, g, h, j g, ǰ *kʰ; *k; *ťť kh, k, tt *x; *ɣ h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g *g; *h
*kʷ *k; *kʰ; *č k, kh, c k, x, č *kʷ; *kʷʰ; *ťť p; t; k,
ph; th; kh, tt 		*kʷ cu; c *hw; *gw; *h
*gʷ *g; *gʰ; *ǰ g, gh, j g, ǰ *gʷ; *kʷʰ; *ďď b; d; g,
ph; th; kh, z 		*gʷ v [ʋ]; gu *kw; *h
*gʷʰ *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ gh, g, h, j g, ǰ *kʷʰ; *kʷ; *ťť ph; th; kh,
p; t; k, tt 		*xʷ; *ɣʷ f, v [ʋ]; gu *gw; *h
*q *q; *qʰ; *č k, kh, c q, χ, č *k; *kʰ; *ťť k, kh, tt *q q *ħ; *ʕ
*qʷ *q; *qʰ; *č k, kh, c q, χ, č *kʷ; *kʷʰ; +ťť p; t; k,
ph; th; kh, tt 		*qʷ qu; q *ħw; *ʕw; *ħ

Nouns

Declension

Noun declension
Singular Plural
athematic thematic pronominal athematic thematic pronominal
Nominative *-s *-os *-s† *-r₁ *-or₁ *-ōs
Vocative *-e
Accusative *-m̥ *-om *-ē *-i *-oy *-ō(n)
Inanimate Nom/Acc *-d *-n̥t *-ont *-er₁
Essive *-u *-ow *-wos *-ur₁ *-owr̥₁ *-uh
Genitive *-s/*-es/*-os *-osyo *-oy *-ir₁ *-obʰos *-stros
Dative *-ey/-oy *-oey/-ōy *-bʰey *-n̥r₃ *-onr̥₃ *-sbʰeys
Ablative *-eyd *-er₂d *-e-e‡ *-n̥s *-ons *-mos
Locative *-sis *-osis *-eys *-sr̥₂ *-osr̥₂ *-esr̥₂


Lexicon

Proto-Maro-Ephenian Roots

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