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North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear"). | Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear"). | ||
The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ | The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːɨ] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop. | ||
There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy. | There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy. | ||
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/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain"). | /ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain"). | ||
===Nominalisation=== | ===Nominalisation=== | ||
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===Inverse Marking=== | ===Inverse Marking=== | ||
If a transitive verb does not have a pronominal object prefix, then it must usually be marked as either direct (unmarked) or inverse (with the prefix gatɨ- / gat-). Direct marking is used when the subject has greater animacy than the object. Inverse marking is used when the object has greater animacy than the subject. Marking on the verb overrides word order when determining subject and object e.g. both the below sentences have direct marking. | If a transitive verb does not have a pronominal object prefix, then it must usually be marked as either direct (unmarked) or inverse (with the prefix gatɨ- / gat-). Direct marking is used when the subject has greater animacy than the object. The animacy hierarchy is Lords etc. > Men > Women (their culture is quite sexist) > Children > Animals > Plants > Anything else. Inverse marking is used when the object has greater animacy than the subject. Marking on the verb overrides word order when determining subject and object e.g. both the below sentences have direct marking. | ||
/dʷə=ˈma̤ɴ ˈbə̤tɨ-ta hɨɲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰/ | /dʷə=ˈma̤ɴ ˈbə̤tɨ-ta hɨɲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰/ | ||
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A dog was bitten by some fish. | A dog was bitten by some fish. | ||
===Reciprocal Voice=== | ===Reciprocal Voice=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with - | The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -ja). For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you". | ||
The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood". | The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood". | ||
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The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do). | The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do). | ||
===Relativisation=== | ===Relativisation=== | ||
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This dog that some men bit. | This dog that some men bit. | ||
==Sentence Level Syntax== | |||
The word order is quite strict, but is not connected with subjects and objects. The word order is as follows: [Topicalised / Proximate Noun] [Wh-Phrase] [Verb] [Obviate Nouns] [Adverbs]. | |||
==Copula== | |||
In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g. | |||
dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰ | |||
these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog | |||
These are dogs. | |||
It can also be used for locational predication (with a locative noun class marker) e.g. | |||
mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ | |||
1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord | |||
My dog is at a fjord. | |||
Finally, it can also be used for adjectival predication e.g. | |||
mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa | |||
1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm | |||
My dog is warm. | |||
However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ is a particle and not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections. | |||
==Predicative Possession== | |||
Like English, there is a transitive verb meaning "to have", /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ e.g. | |||
dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ ja-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰ | |||
those=man PRES.ATEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog | |||
Those men have dogs. | |||
Normally, /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ is used with atelic prefixes. With telic prefixes, it means "get" or "obtain" e.g. | |||
dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ bɨʔa-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰ | |||
those=man PRES.TEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog | |||
Those men got dogs. | |||
==Comparative Constructions== | |||
North-East Antarctican has different comparative constructions depending on what the two things are being compared in terms of. | |||
===Adjectives/Nouns=== | |||
To say "A is more X than B", where X is an adjective or noun, North-East Antarctican replaces the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ with the particle /ma̤sːɨ/. For example, from the following sentence: | |||
mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa | |||
1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm | |||
My dog is warm. | |||
we can derive a comparative sentence: | |||
mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ma̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa jɨw=ɨˈɲɨ̰ | |||
1PS.SG.POSS=dog CMPR warm 2PS.POSS=dog | |||
My dog is warmer than your dog. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
To say "A does X more than B", B takes the preposition /dʷa̤ɴ/ e.g. | |||
mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ja-bə~ˈbə̤tɨ dʷa̤ɴ jɨw=ɨˈɲɨ̰ | |||
1PS.SG.POSS=dog PRES.ATEL-RECP-bite more.than 2PS.POSS=dog | |||
My dogs bite each other more than your dogs. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:North-East Antarctican]] | |||