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Line 319: |
Line 319: |
| | ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall') | | | ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall') |
| |} | | |} |
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| ==== Conjugation ====
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| Proto-Dynic has a rich system of verbal suffixes. Proto-Dynic verbs use [[w:Inflection|inflection]] for [[w:Linguistic modality|modal]] and [[w:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunctional]] purposes. Other categories, such as [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]], [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]], [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]], are expressed using optional suffixed [[w:Auxiliary verb|auxiliaries]], which are also inflected. There are six [[w:Principle parts|principle parts]] from which all other conjugations are derived.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Consonant stem verbs
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| |-
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| ! Verb class
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| ! Irrealis
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| ! Infinitive
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| ! Conclusive
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| ! Adnominal
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| ! Realis
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| ! Imperative
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| ! Gloss
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| |-
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| ! C-stem
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| | ''*rene''
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| | ''*reni''
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| | ''*renusu''
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| | ''*renu''
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| | ''*rensa''
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| | ''*renə̄''
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| | 'take, tug'
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| |-
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| ! ''s''-stem
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| | ''*base''
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| | ''*basi''
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| | ''*basu''
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| | ''*basu''
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| | ''*bāsa''
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| | ''*basə̄''
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| | 'hit, strike'
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Semivowel stem verbs
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| |-
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| ! Verb class
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| ! Irrealis
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| ! Infinitive
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| ! Conclusive
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| ! Adnominal
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| ! Realis
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| ! Imperative
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| ! Gloss
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| |-
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| ! ''y''-stem regular
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| | ''*miye''
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| | ''*mī''
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| | ''*misu''
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| | ''*miyu''
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| | ''*misa''
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| | ''*mire''
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| | 'look, see'
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| |-
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| ! ''y''-stem strong
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| | ''*waye''
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| | ''*wai''
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| | ''*waisu''
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| | ''*wayu''
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| | ''*waisa''
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| | ''*waire''
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| | 'to dance'
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| |-
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| ! ''y''-stem weak
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| | ''*huye''
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| | ''*hī''
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| | ''*hīsu''
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| | ''*huyu''
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| | ''*hīsa''
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| | ''*hīre''
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| | 'to breathe'
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| |-
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| ! ''w''-stem regular
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| | ''*cuwe''
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| | ''*cuwi''
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| | ''*cusu''
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| | ''*cū''
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| | ''*cusa''
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| | ''*cure''
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| | 'make, do, place'
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| |-
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| ! ''w''-stem weak
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| | ''*iwe''
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| | ''*iwi''
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| | ''*īsu''
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| | ''*ī''
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| | ''*īsa''
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| | ''*īre''
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| | 'to meet, to add'
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| |-
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| ! ''w''-stem strong
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| | ''*səwe''
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| | ''*səwi''
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| | ''*səusu''
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| | ''*səu''
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| | ''*səusa''
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| | ''*səure''
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| | 'to scream, to shout'
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Vowel stem verbs
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| |-
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| ! Verb class
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| ! Irrealis
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| ! Infinitive
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| ! Conclusive
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| ! Adnominal
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| ! Realis
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| ! Imperative
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| ! Gloss
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| |-
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| ! ''e''-stem
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| | ''*ē''
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| | ''*ei''
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| | ''*esu''
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| | ''*eu''
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| | ''*esa''
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| | ''*ere''
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| | 'eat'
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| |-
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| ! ''ə''-stem
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| | ''*kʷē''
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| | ''*kʷəi''
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| | ''*kʷəsu''
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| | ''*kʷəu''
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| | ''*kʷəsa''
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| | ''*kʷə̄''
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| | 'say, speak'
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| |-
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| ! ''a''-stem
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| | ''*daŋʷae''
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| | ''*daŋʷai''
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| | ''*daŋʷasu''
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| | ''*daŋʷau''
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| | ''*daŋʷasa''
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| | ''*daŋʷare''
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| | 'sing, chant'
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| |}
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Adjectival verbs
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| |-
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| ! Verb class
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| ! Irrealis
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| ! Infinitive
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| ! Conclusive
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| ! Adnominal
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| ! Realis
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| ! Imperative
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| ! Gloss
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| |-
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| ! C-stem
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| | ''*ə̄c-he''
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| | ''*ə̄c-hi''
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| | ''*ə̄c-si''
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| | ''*ə̄c-hu''
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| | ''*ə̄c-sa''
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| | ''*ə̄c-həre''
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| | 'big, large'
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| |-
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| ! V-stem
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| | ''*ənə-he''
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| | ''*ənə-hi''
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| | ''*ənə-si''
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| | ''*ənə-hu''
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| | ''*ənə-sa''
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| | ''*ənə-həre''
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| | 'small, little'
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| |-
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| ! ki-stem
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| | ''*bura-kihe''
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| | ''*bura-kihi''
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| | ''*bura-kisi''
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| | ''*bura-kihu''
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| | ''*bura-kisa''
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| | ''*bura-kihəre''
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| | 'small, little'
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| |}
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| The marked conclusive form may be dropped and the bare stem used to signify a conclusive meaning before a pausa.
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| ==== Auxiliary verbs ==== | | ==== Auxiliary verbs ==== |