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| | style="text-align:center;" | trans. | | | style="text-align:center;" | trans. |
| | ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall') | | | ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall') |
| |}
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|
| |
| ==== Auxiliary verbs ====
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Modal auxiliary verbs
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| |-
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| ! Root
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| ! Attached to
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| ! Irrealis
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| ! Infinitive
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| ! Conclusive
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| ! Adnominal
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| ! Realis
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| ! Imperative
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| ! Meaning
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| ! ''*cu-''
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| | Irrealis
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| | ''*cuwe''
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| | ''*cuwi''
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| | ''*cusu''
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| | ''*cū''
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| | ''*cusa''
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| | ''*cure''
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| | Causative voice
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! ''*kag-''
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| | Irrealis
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| | ''*kage''
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| | ''*kagi''
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| | ''*kagusu''
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| | ''*kagu''
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| | ''*kagsa''
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| | ''*kagə̄''
| |
| | Reciprocal voice
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| ! ''*səw-''
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| | Irrealis
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| | ''*səwe''
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| | ''*səwi''
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| | ''*səusu''
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| | ''*səu''
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| | ''*səusa''
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| | ''*səure''
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| | Passive voice
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! ''*wes-''
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| | Irrealis
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| | ''*wese''
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| | ''*wesi''
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| | ''*wesu''
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| | ''*wesu''
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| | ''*wēsa''
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| | ''*wesə̄''
| |
| | Potential mood
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The reciprocal and causative extensions may be used in tandem to create a repetitive aspect, e.g. ''*ara'' ('to search for') → ''*araikagicu'' ('to investigate')
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
| |
| |+caption | Aspectual auxiliary verbs
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Root
| |
| ! Attached to
| |
| ! Irrealis
| |
| ! Infinitive
| |
| ! Conclusive
| |
| ! Adnominal
| |
| ! Realis
| |
| ! Imperative
| |
| ! Meaning
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! ''*də-''
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| | Infinitive
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| | ''*dē''
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| | ''*dəi''
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| | ''*dəsu''
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| | ''*dəu''
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| | ''*dəsa''
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| | ''*də̄''
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| | Perfective aspect • Emphatic
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| ! ''*n-''
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| | Infinitive
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| | ''*ne''
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| | ''*ni''
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| | ''*nusu''
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| | ''*nu''
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| | ''*nsa''
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| | ''*nə̄''
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| | Perfective aspect • Emphatic
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! ''*ar-''
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| | Infinitive
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| | ''*are''
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| | ''*ari''
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| | ''*arusu''
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| | ''*aru''
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| | ''*arsa''
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| | ''*arə̄''
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| | Perfective aspect • Continuation
| |
| |}
| |
| ===== Perfective aspect =====
| |
| The auxiliary verbs '''''*də-''''' and '''''*n-''''' both convey the [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]], that is 'I did,' 'I have done,' 'I had done.' However, they each have their own unique uses. '''''*də-''''' is used primarily with with intransitive verbs, with the nuance that the action or state that has concluded was volitional.
| |
|
| |
| :{{interlinear | box=yes | top=''*igīn ətə tatāl irasguridə''
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| | igi-in<nowiki>=</nowiki>ətə ta-tāl i-<ra>-s-gur<nowiki>=</nowiki>i-də
| |
| | DIST-LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>place PL-day 3-<spend>-4-spend<nowiki>=</nowiki>INF-PFV
| |
| | 'they spent their days there'}}
| |
|
| |
| In contrast to this, '''''*n-''''' is generally used with intransitive verbs, inferring the expression of a natural action, state, or process.
| |
|
| |
| :{{interlinear | box=yes | top=''*kehmi aŋinusu akaba yabaīn kakadəin''
| |
| | kehmi aŋ<nowiki>=</nowiki>i-n<nowiki>=</nowiki>usu akaba yabai-in ka-kadə<nowiki>=</nowiki>i-n
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| | fall open<nowiki>=</nowiki>INF-PFV<nowiki>=</nowiki>CONCL red_leaf yard-LOC EMP-fall<nowiki>=</nowiki>INF-PFV
| |
| | 'fall has come and many red leaves have fallen in the yard'}}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
| |
| |+caption | Auxiliary verbs
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Root
| |
| ! Attached to
| |
| ! Irrealis
| |
| ! Infinitive
| |
| ! Conclusive
| |
| ! Adnominal
| |
| ! Realis
| |
| ! Imperative
| |
| ! Meaning
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! ''*ki-/*s-''
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| | Infinitive
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| | ''*kiye''
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| | ''*kī''
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| | ''*kisu''
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| | ''*su''
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| | ''*sa''
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| | ''*sə̄''
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| | Past tense
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| ! ''*l-/*nu-''
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| | Irrealis
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| | ''*le''
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| | ''*li''
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| | ''*lusu''
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| | ''*nū''
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| | ''*nusa''
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| | ''*nure''
| |
| | Negative
| |
| |} | | |} |
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