Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions

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Proto-Dynic (view source)

Revision as of 10:35, 26 May 2020

3,254 bytes removed ,  26 May 2020
→‎Auxiliary verbs
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| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall')
| ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall')
|}
==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Modal auxiliary verbs
|-
! Root
! Attached to
! Irrealis
! Infinitive
! Conclusive
! Adnominal
! Realis
! Imperative
! Meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*cu-''
| Irrealis
| ''*cuwe''
| ''*cuwi''
| ''*cusu''
| ''*cū''
| ''*cusa''
| ''*cure''
| Causative voice
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*kag-''
| Irrealis
| ''*kage''
| ''*kagi''
| ''*kagusu''
| ''*kagu''
| ''*kagsa''
| ''*kagə̄''
| Reciprocal voice
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*səw-''
| Irrealis
| ''*səwe''
| ''*səwi''
| ''*səusu''
| ''*səu''
| ''*səusa''
| ''*səure''
| Passive voice
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*wes-''
| Irrealis
| ''*wese''
| ''*wesi''
| ''*wesu''
| ''*wesu''
| ''*wēsa''
| ''*wesə̄''
| Potential mood
|}
The reciprocal and causative extensions may be used in tandem to create a repetitive aspect, e.g. ''*ara'' ('to search for') → ''*araikagicu'' ('to investigate')
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aspectual auxiliary verbs
|-
! Root
! Attached to
! Irrealis
! Infinitive
! Conclusive
! Adnominal
! Realis
! Imperative
! Meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*də-''
| Infinitive
| ''*dē''
| ''*dəi''
| ''*dəsu''
| ''*dəu''
| ''*dəsa''
| ''*də̄''
| Perfective aspect • Emphatic
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*n-''
| Infinitive
| ''*ne''
| ''*ni''
| ''*nusu''
| ''*nu''
| ''*nsa''
| ''*nə̄''
| Perfective aspect • Emphatic
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*ar-''
| Infinitive
| ''*are''
| ''*ari''
| ''*arusu''
| ''*aru''
| ''*arsa''
| ''*arə̄''
| Perfective aspect • Continuation
|}
===== Perfective aspect =====
The auxiliary verbs '''''*də-''''' and '''''*n-''''' both convey the [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]], that is 'I did,' 'I have done,' 'I had done.'  However, they each have their own unique uses.  '''''*də-''''' is used primarily with with intransitive verbs, with the nuance that the action or state that has concluded was volitional.
:{{interlinear | box=yes | top=''*igīn ətə tatāl irasguridə''
| igi-in<nowiki>=</nowiki>ətə ta-tāl i-<ra>-s-gur<nowiki>=</nowiki>i-də
| DIST-LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>place PL-day 3-<spend>-4-spend<nowiki>=</nowiki>INF-PFV
| 'they spent their days there'}}
In contrast to this, '''''*n-''''' is generally used with intransitive verbs, inferring the expression of a natural action, state, or process.
:{{interlinear | box=yes | top=''*kehmi aŋinusu akaba yabaīn kakadəin''
| kehmi aŋ<nowiki>=</nowiki>i-n<nowiki>=</nowiki>usu akaba yabai-in ka-kadə<nowiki>=</nowiki>i-n
| fall open<nowiki>=</nowiki>INF-PFV<nowiki>=</nowiki>CONCL red_leaf yard-LOC EMP-fall<nowiki>=</nowiki>INF-PFV
| 'fall has come and many red leaves have fallen in the yard'}}
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Auxiliary verbs
|-
! Root
! Attached to
! Irrealis
! Infinitive
! Conclusive
! Adnominal
! Realis
! Imperative
! Meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*ki-/*s-''
| Infinitive
| ''*kiye''
| ''*kī''
| ''*kisu''
| ''*su''
| ''*sa''
| ''*sə̄''
| Past tense
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''*l-/*nu-''
| Irrealis
| ''*le''
| ''*li''
| ''*lusu''
| ''*nū''
| ''*nusa''
| ''*nure''
| Negative
|}
|}


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