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Kalyahekwe: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs mark aspect, mood, subject and object and have two categories: '''independent''' (in a main clause) and '''conjunct''' (used in subordinate clauses, with participles and question particles). | Verbs mark aspect, mood, subject and object and have two categories: '''independent''' (in a main clause) and '''conjunct''' (used in subordinate clauses, with participles and question particles). Intransitive verbs can only mark the subject, while transitive can also mark both direct and indirect objects (or one of them). Some markers can show variations among different dialects. | ||
Kalyah verbs have a similar shape to other Plains languages. Here is a template for all types of verbs: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan=14 | Transitive verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=4 | prefixes || colspan=5 | word stem || colspan=5 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| particles || Ind. Obj. || 1,2 Subj. sg. || Dir. Obj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || DIR/INV || Mood || 3sg. Obj. || Obj. du./pl. || Subj. du./pl. || negativity || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=9 | Intransitive verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | prefixes || colspan=4 | word stem || colspan=3 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| particles || Subj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || Mood || Subj. du./pl. || negativity || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=11 | Conjunct verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | prefixes || colspan=4 | word stem || colspan=5 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| initial vowel || Dir. Obj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || Mood || Subj. sg. || Obj. du./pl. || Subj. du./pl. || negativity || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=12 | Middle verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 | prefixes || colspan=5 | word stem || colspan=4 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| ne- || Ind. Obj. || 1,2 Subj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || Mood || DIR/INV || 3 Subj. sg. || Subj. du./pl. || negativity || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Below are all person markers for subject and both direct and indirect objects. Variations among dialects are included. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan=2| | |||
! colspan=3 |Indirect Object | |||
! colspan=3 |Subject | |||
! colspan=3 |Direct Object | |||
|- | |||
| singular | |||
| plural | |||
| singular | |||
| dual | |||
| plural | |||
| singular | |||
| dual | |||
| plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> | |||
| ''ti_'' | |||
| ''til_'' | |||
| ''k_'' | |||
| ''k_as'' | |||
| ''k_iit'' | |||
| ''m_'' | |||
| ''m_as'' | |||
| ''m_iit''<br>''mi_iyi''<sup>Š</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> | |||
| ''ta_'' | |||
| ''tal_'' | |||
| ''ki_'' | |||
| ''ki_as'' | |||
| ''ki_iit''<br>''ki_ih'' | |||
| ''ni_''<br>''ti_'' | |||
| ''ni_as''<br>''ti_as'' | |||
| ''ni_iit''<br>''ti_iit''<br>''ti_iyi''<sup>Š</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> an. | |||
| ''ha_'' | |||
| ''hal_'' | |||
| ''_h''<br>''_eh'' | |||
| ''_ah''<br>''_ehci'' | |||
| ''_iit''<br>''_iyih'' | |||
| ''so_(a)''<br>''_š(a)''<sup>Š</sup> | |||
| ''_(a)si''<br>''_šosi''<sup>Š</sup><br>''_soθ''<sup>M</sup> | |||
| ''_(a)li''<br>''_šoyi''<sup>Š</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> inan. | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| ''_''<br>''_eθi''<sup>M</sup> | |||
| ''_as'' | |||
| ''_iin'' | |||
| ''yo_(a)''<br>''_i'' | |||
| ''yo_(a)si''<br>''_oči''<br>''_oθ''<sup>M</sup> | |||
| ''yo_(a)li''<br>''_iyi''<sup>Š</sup> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*'''M''' - Möhkinis dialects, '''Š''' - Šonoowis dialect. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | ||