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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image=
|image= Settameric_West_Plains.png
|imagesize=
|imagesize= 250px
|name= ''Kootayi language''
|name= ''Kootayi language''
|nativename=''Iskóótayi''
|nativename=''Iskóótayi''
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|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
The '''Kootayi''' language (''Iskóótayi'') is a Plains Settameric language spoken by the people, who live in the northwestern plains of the Northern continent. It is the closest relative of Kalyah, another '''West Plains''' language. The name "Kootayi" comes from the Western Kalyah word for "tent", since these people live mostly in dwellings made out of sticks, wood, bark and animal skins, unlike the Kalyaheen, who usually live in wooden houses. Kootayi is believed to have begun as a Plains Settameric dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread east- and northwards. Among the Plains languages, Kootayi is relatively divergent in phonology and lexicon, yet its grammar is very similar to other neighbouring languages. Unlike Kalyah and its another relative Chiresh, Kootayi has a fairly small phoneme inventory; consisting of 11 basic consonants and three basic vowels that have contrastive length counterparts (border dialects to the east have four vowels and 12 consonants). It is a pitch accent language.  
The '''Kootayi''' language (''Iskóótayi'') is a Plains Settameric language spoken by the people, who live in the northwestern plains of the Northern continent. It is the closest relative of [[Kalyahekwe|Kalyah]], another '''West Plains''' language. The name "Kootayi" comes from the Western Kalyah word for "tent", since these people live mostly in dwellings made out of sticks, wood, bark and animal skins, unlike the Kalyaheen, who usually live in wooden houses. Kootayi is believed to have begun as a Plains Settameric dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread east- and northwards. Among the Plains languages, Kootayi is relatively divergent in phonology and lexicon, yet its grammar is very similar to other neighbouring languages. Unlike Kalyah and its another relative Chiresh, Kootayi has a fairly small phoneme inventory; consisting of 11 basic consonants and three basic vowels that have contrastive length counterparts (border dialects to the east have four vowels and 12 consonants). It is a pitch accent language.  


Like the other Plains languages, Kootayi is considered to be a polysynthetic language due to its large morpheme inventory and word internal complexity. A majority of morphemes have a one to one correspondence between form and meaning, a defining feature of agglutinative languages. However, it also has some fusional characteristics as there are morphemes that can fuse into one. Both noun and verb stems cannot be used bare but must be inflected.
Like the other Plains languages, Kootayi is considered to be a polysynthetic language due to its large morpheme inventory and word internal complexity. A majority of morphemes have a one to one correspondence between form and meaning, a defining feature of agglutinative languages. However, it also has some fusional characteristics as there are morphemes that can fuse into one. Both noun and verb stems cannot be used bare but must be inflected.
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Blackfoot has eleven distinct consonants, of which all but /ʔ/, /h/, /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length, which makes it eighteen consonant phonemes in total. There is a sight disagreement on how to count geminate consonants (as two consonants belonging to different syllables, or one, but lengthened). For simplicity geminate consonants will not be treated as different from the plain ones.
Kootayi has eleven distinct consonants, of which all but /ʔ/, /h/, /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length, which makes it eighteen consonant phonemes in total. There is a sight disagreement on how to count geminate consonants (as two consonants belonging to different syllables, or one, but lengthened). For simplicity geminate consonants will not be treated as different from the plain ones.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| ''hi-''
| ''hi-''
| ''hi(y)-''
| ''hi(y)-''
| ''-aa'' (prox.)<br>''-oki'' (obv.)
| ''-aa'' (prox.)<br>''-ok'' (obv.)
| ''-iit'' (prox.)<br>''-ici'' (obv.)
| ''-iit'' (prox.)<br>''-ici'' (obv.)
| ''–''
| ''–''
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|}
|}
*Here are some examples of verbs from different types: ''ikkiniin'' (''ikki-niin'') "I see it" (active transitive verb), II – ''ikkistóón'' (''ikki-s-nóón'') "I understand" (detransitive verb), ''sonníín'' (''si-m-níín'') "I am watched" (passive), ''ákkisciin'' (''á-kki-s-niin'') "(thing) that I see" (conjunct verb), ''naʼpáí'' (''naʼ-m-háá-i'') "I am getting here"([[w:Voice_(grammar)#The_middle_voice|middle verb]]).
*Here are some examples of verbs from different types: ''ikkiniin'' (''ikki-niin'') "I see it" (active transitive verb), II – ''ikkistóón'' (''ikki-s-nóón'') "I understand" (detransitive verb), ''sonníín'' (''si-m-níín'') "I am watched" (passive), ''ákkisciin'' (''á-kki-s-niin'') "(thing) that I see" (conjunct verb), ''naʼpáí'' (''naʼ-m-háá-i'') "I am getting here"([[w:Voice_(grammar)#The_middle_voice|middle verb]]).
In order to make relative clauses, one should use conjunct verbs. These verbs can also be nominalized with an addition of nominal suffixes and thus behave like nouns. Here is an example of a sentence with a relative clause and a nominalized verb:
:{|
|iʼta
|ááttaʼaa
|ácoi
|skiyínni.
|-
|iʼt-a
|á-∅-at-haʼ-aa
|á-a-coo-∅-i
|ski-y-ínni-o
|-
|man-AN.SG
|CONJ-3sg.-INCH-go.PFV-3.sg.AN
|CONJ-STAT-fish-IN.SG-NMLZ
|1.sg.POSS-epenthetic."y"-husband-AN.SG
|-
| colspan="5" |"The man who has just gone fishing is my husband".
|
|}
==Syntax==
Word order in Kootayi is quite flexible in response to discourse and pragmatic concerns. It is rare to have both a subject and an object in a sentence since the morphology of the verb makes it clear who is acting on whom (the same is true for other Plains languages). In a "neutral" context, '''SVO''' word order is preferred; however, it also alternates with '''SOV''' and '''VSO''' orders. The pre-verbal position can also be occupied by adverbs, as seen in this example:
:{|
|iskiim
|ikkinoniit
|tiiki
|yikoi.
|-
|iskiim
|∅-ikki-non-iit
|tiik-i
|∅-yiko-i
|-
|today
|3sg.AN.Obj.-1.AN.Subj.-see.PFV-pl.AN.Subj.
|crow-AN.SG
|3.sg.AN-white-STV
|-
| colspan="5" |"Today we saw a white crow".
|
|}
Direction of the agent-patient relationship is often obvious from person markers on verbs. The inverse system in Kootayi is observable only in interactions between third persons. The following example shows the difference between direct and inverse:
:{|
|iʼta
|yistoʼni
|nonaa.
|-
|iʼt-a
|yist-o-ʼni
|∅-non-aa
|-
|man.AN.SG.PROX
|woman-AN.SG-AN.OBV
|3sg.AN.-see.PFV-3sg.AN.DIR
|-
| colspan="5" |"The man (proximate) saw a woman (obviative)".
|
|}
:{|
|iʼtani
|yisto
|nonok.
|-
|iʼt-a-(ʼ)ni
|yist-o
|∅-non-ok
|-
|man.AN.SG.-AN.OBV
|woman-AN.SG.PROX
|3sg.AN.-see.PFV-3sg.AN.INV
|-
| colspan="5" |"A man (obviative) saw the woman (proximate)".
|
|}
:{|
|yisto
|sinon
|(iʼta).
|-
|yist-o
|si-∅-non
|(iʼt-a)
|-
|woman-AN.SG
|PASS-3sg.AN.-see.PFV
|(man.AN.SG)
|-
| colspan="5" |"The woman was seen (by the man)".
|
|}
The third example shows that the inverse construction is different from passive, which is a valency changing operation and promotes the object to the subject of the sentence, while inverse does not change roles of nouns in the example.
==Vocabulary==
The following table shows words in Kootayi and its eastern dialects with corresponding words in the Möhkinis dialect for comparison. Many words were borrowed from Kalyah into Kootayi while some were borrowed into Möhkinis. In the following table, each verb is given with a third person singular subject, and if a verb is transitive, with a third person object or objects, nouns are given in their singular form.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Kootayi
! Eastern<br>Kootayi
! Möhkinis<br>Kalyah
|-
| "leaf"
| ''piyá''
| ''pilá''
| ''ceθin''
|-
| "cloud"
| colspan=2| ''istoot''
| ''istoot''
|-
| "town"
| colspan=2| ''occiikim''
| ''ohtiikim''
|-
| "man (male adult)"
| ''iʼta''
| ''iʼtayo''
| ''ahto''
|-
| "mother"
| colspan=2| ''niisa''
| ''neeya''
|-
| "it is big"
| colspan=2| ''óón''
| ''woin''
|-
| "one"
| colspan=2| ''niim''
| ''yeem''
|-
| "two"
| colspan=2| ''miis''
| ''moθθii''
|-
| "three"
| ''koc''
| ''kocci''
| ''kyösti''
|-
| "person"
| ''nii''
| ''niiʼ''
| ''nifii''
|-
| "meat"
| ''iyii''
| ''ilii''
| ''essökw''
|-
| "s/he sees it"
| colspan=2| ''yiniinaa''
| ''yoseeneh''
|-
| "s/he eats"
| colspan=2| ''káácaa''
| ''kööθeh''
|-
| "it is windy"
| ''iyoosi''
| ''iloosi''
| ''lyöθ''
|-
|}
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]]
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