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Vadi: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Vadi verbs | Vadi verbs for the most part contain no grammatical inflection. They do not mark for person, number, tense, or aspect. Few, if any clitics attach to them. Any affixes that appear on the verb are predominately derivational, most of which are deverbals to derive instrumental, locational, and occupational nouns. Examples with the verb ''kora'' "to cut": | ||
*''-vir'': instrumental deverbal, e.g. ''kora-vir'' "knife" | |||
*''-ðai'': locational deverbal, e.g. ''kor-ðai'' "butcher shop" | |||
*''-ji'': occupational deverbal, e.g. ''kor-ji'' "butcher" | |||
The language has a variety of converbs which appear before their head. These converbs encode modality, aspect, manner, and various adverbial meanings. The converbs may be separated from their head by other elements, such as illocutionary particles, discourse markers, etc. Common converbs include: | The language has a variety of converbs which appear before their head. These converbs encode modality, aspect, manner, and various adverbial meanings. The converbs may be separated from their head by other elements, such as illocutionary particles, discourse markers, etc. Common converbs include: | ||
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*''ókapi'': "suspiciously; to do with malfeasence; to be deceptive" | *''ókapi'': "suspiciously; to do with malfeasence; to be deceptive" | ||
*''kitál'': assertive particle, usually translated as "You did do it!" | *''kitál'': assertive particle, usually translated as "You did do it!" | ||
*''yoawíka/yawikâ'' /jo'ka:ʔ/ ( | *''yoawíka/yawikâ'' /jo'ka:ʔ/ (Iyyaħmi): presentational particle, usually translated as "Look here (at the evidence I present you)"; possibly a loan from Minhast ''wahēk'' "behold; thus; and then" | ||
* ''oan'': evidential, lit. "It is said", but what the speaker really means is "He (the other litigant) falsely claims" | * ''oan'': evidential, lit. "It is said", but what the speaker really means is "He (the other litigant) falsely claims" | ||
*''peliár'': "to be wrong"; used for repudiation, disputation, e.g. "What he (the other litigant) says is a lie/falsehood" | *''peliár'': "to be wrong"; used for repudiation, disputation, e.g. "What he (the other litigant) says is a lie/falsehood" | ||