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Revision as of 03:38, 28 November 2020
classical language in Russia and Central Asia
Phonology
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh gh?) -ḥ = [x] and -ṃ = [ŋ]
Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou
Nouns
TODO: Dual
vrk (m.) = wolf | loušná (f.) = moon, month | oušta (n.) = mouth | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrká | vrké | loušná | loušné | loušnaḥ | oušta | oušté | ouštání |
Genitive | vrkaše | vrkajou | vrkou | loušnaḥ | vrkajou | loušnou | ouštaš | ouštajou | ouštou |
Dative | vrkej | vrkéma | vrkaṃ | loušnáj | loušnáma | loušnáṃ | ouštej | ouštéma | ouštaṃ |
Accusative | vrka | vrká | vrkouḥ | loušnou | loušné | loušnaḥ | oušta | oušté | ouštání |
Ablative | vrkáḥ | vrkéma | vrkaṃ | loušnáḥ | loušnáma | loušnáṃ | ouštáḥ | ouštéma | ouštaṃ |
Instrumental | vrká | vrkéma | vrkéḥ | loušnajá | loušnáma | loušnámi | ouštá | ouštéma | ouštéḥ |
Locative | vrké | vrkajou | vrkéš | loušné | loušnájou | loušnáš | oušté | ouštajou | ouštéš |
Vocative | vrče! | vrká! | vrké! | loušna! | loušné! | loušnáh! | oušte! | oušté! | ouštání! |
agň (m.) = fire | mati (f.) = thought | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | agň | agňé | mať | maťaḥ | mař | maríní |
Genitive | agňéše | agňou | maťéḥ | maťou | mařéš | mařou |
Dative | agňej | agňéṃ | maťáj | maťéṃ | mařej | mařéṃ |
Accusative | agni | agníḥ | mati | matíḥ | mař | maríní |
Ablative | agňéḥ | agňéṃ | maťéḥ | maťéṃ | mařéḥ | mařéṃ |
Instrumental | agní | agňémi | matijá | maťémi | marí | mařémi |
Locative | agňé | agníš | maťé | matíš | mařé | maríš |
Vocative | agňe! | agňé! | maťi! | maťaḥ! | maře! | maríní! |
véju (m.) = wind | džouštu (f.) = meat | madhu (n.) = honey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | véju | véjavé | džouštu | džouštavaḥ | madhu | madhúní |
Genitive | véjouš | véjavou | džouštouḥ | džouštavou | madhouš | madhavou |
Dative | véjavej | véjuṃ | džouštaváj | džouštuṃ | madhavej | madhuṃ |
Accusative | véjú | véjúḥ | džouštú | džouštúḥ | madhu | madhúní |
Ablative | véjouḥ | véjuṃ | džouštouḥ | džouštuṃ | madhouḥ | madhuṃ |
Instrumental | véjú | véjumi | džouštujá | džouštumi | madhú | madhumi |
Locative | véjáu | vejúš | džouštáu | džouštúš | madháu | madhúš |
Vocative | véjou! | véjavé! | džouštou! | džoustavaḥ! | madhou! | madhúní! |
Pronouns
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | |||||
nom. | aha | tú | sa | sá | tat | véḥ | júḥ | sí | saḥ | tá |
acc. | ||||||||||
gen. | ||||||||||
dat. | ||||||||||
abl.-loc. |
Adjectives
Verbs
Present system
Template:Col-2 Primary endingsActive | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | -ṃ | -va | -ma | -mé | -vadhé | -madhé |
2nd | -š | -ta | -te | -šé | -tahé | -dhvé |
3rd | -t | -ta | -nt | -té | -tahé | -nté |
Template:Col-2 Secondary endings
Active | Passive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
1st | (vowel change) | -va | -ma | -nén | -vadhé | -madhé |
2nd | -ḥ | -ta | -te | -šé | -taha | -dhva |
3rd | -Ø | -ta | -n | -eta | -taha | -anta |
Athematic: dadháṃ, dadháš, dadhát,
Thematic o/e ablaut: bharti (to carry): (aha) bharaṃ, (tú) bharaš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bharet, (vevá) bharava, (juvá) bharata, (sá, sé, té) bharata, (véḥ) bharama, (júḥ) bharate, (sí, saḥ, tá) bharant
root: anešti (to get): anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, anešta, anešma, anešte, anešant
Root laryngeal verbs merge into one of the other categories
-eh₂ti: daráti (to gift): daráṃ, daráš, darát, daráva, daráta, daráta, daráma, daráte, daránt
-yéti, -yeti: džhaďhjeti (to pray, to request): džhaďhjeṃ, džhaďhješ, džhaďhjet, džhaďhjeva, džhaďhjeta, džhaďhjeta, džhaďhjema, džhaďhjete, džhaďhjent
-éyeti: hařejeti (to boil): hařejeṃ, hařeješ, hařejet, hařejeva, hařejeta, hařejeta, hařejema, hařejete, hařejent
bhúti (to be): asmi, aši, ast, asva, asta, asta, asma, aste, sant
Sample text
Schleicher's Fable
Avi ašvé-če