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|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Nasal | !colspan="2"|Nasal | ||
| '' | | ''м''' /m/ | ||
| ''' | | '''н''' /n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''нь''' /ɲ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''нг''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="3"|Plosive | !rowspan="3"|Plosive | ||
!<small>unaspirated</small> | !<small>unaspirated</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''б''' /p/ | ||
| ''' | | '''д''' /t/ | ||
| (''' | | ('''дж''' /tʃ/) | ||
| ''' | | '''дь''' /c/ | ||
| ''' | | '''г''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''п''' /pʰ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''т''' /tʰ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ч''' /tʃʰ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ть''' /cʰ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''к''' /kʰ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!rowspan="2"|Spirant | !rowspan="2"|Spirant | ||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''ф''' /f/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ц''' /θ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''х''' /χ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''в''' /β/ | ||
| ''' | | '''(dze)''' /ð/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''c''' /s/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ш''' /ʃ/ || '''щ''' /ɕː/ || || '''-т''' ''etc.'' /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''з''' /z/ || '''ж, зж''' /ʒ/ || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Resonant | !colspan="2"| Resonant | ||
| '''- | | '''-в, -г''' ''etc.'' /w/ | ||
| ''' | | '''л''' /l/ | ||
| ''' | | '''р''' /ɾ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''й, -й, -г''' ''etc.'' /j/ | ||
| [ɤ̃ˤʶ] | | [ɤ̃ˤʶ] | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
* Voiced and voiceless stops have shifted to unaspirated and aspirated, as in Icelandic | * Voiced and voiceless stops have shifted to unaspirated and aspirated, as in Icelandic | ||
** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''scweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫʊ~ˈskwɛːɬˠːʊ] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ]. | ** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''scweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫʊ~ˈskwɛːɬˠːʊ] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ]. | ||
** Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated. | ** Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated. | ||
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'''h q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch cw w cs f'''. For example: ''humanismus, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈχʊmənʲɪsmʏs, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə]. | '''h q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch cw w cs f'''. For example: ''humanismus, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈχʊmənʲɪsmʏs, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə]. | ||
====Pleophony==== | ====Pleophony==== | ||
CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. '' | CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''смырт'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''галва'' 'head' = /ˈkaɫəβə/, ''дерво'' 'tree' = /ˈtɛɾəβo/, ''велкы'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/. | ||
-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: '' | -w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''поздарв'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''дарг'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||