Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs: Difference between revisions

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Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs (view source)

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 The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:
 {{Gloss
-| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulmaite.
+| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulugite.
 | gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and. — be_calm.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=manage_to.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. – stop.<small>SUBJ.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>2SG.GEN-DAT</small>. male's_younger_brother-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
 | translation = The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop [doing] it!
@@ Line 254: / Line 254: @@
 }}
 {{Gloss
-| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, mruṣṭhamai!
+| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, mruṣṭhugi!
 | gloss = mug.<small>DIR.DU</small>. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PRES-3DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. be_careful-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
 | translation = The two mugs are hot, be careful!
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 Some verbs are defective and lack a non-causative exterior conjugation; these could be termed "deponent verbs" as a parallel to Latin or Ancient Greek grammar, as they are conceptually similar. ''dhāḍake'' "to speak, express oneself" and ''tṛlake'' "to know, understand" are by far the most common ones:
 {{Gloss
-| phrase = chlǣvānęe ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.
+| phrase = chlǣvānnaise ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.
 | gloss = Chlouvānem-<small>ADV</small>. ~ Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. speak.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
 | translation = I speak Chlouvānem.
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 Other interior-only verbs include:
 * ''dumyake'' — "to cherish, deeply appreciate" (+ genitive case (or exessive case, archaic today))
+* ''ghṇāke'' — "to guard against, beware, avoid" (+ genitive case)<ref>While only used as interior today, it is used as an exterior verb twice in the Third Book of the Chlāmiṣvatrā and six times in the Lileṃsasarum (in the broadest possible definition). However, in those texts it still coexists with the interior form used with the same meaning; it is possible that the difference was dialectal.</ref>
 * ''kyobge'' — "to forget" (+ genitive case) (but the more common ''inābake'', also intransitive, isn't)
 * ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)