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User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán/თქარინ: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:თქარინ}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:თქარინ}}
'''თქარინ''', pronounced /tʰkʰarin/, means "the language".
'''თქარინ''', pronounced /tʰkʰarin/, means "the language".
Possibly known in English as Thecharian /θɛkɑːɹiːən/.
In <whatever-this-language-is-actually-called> English is known as  ინგლისი /inglisi/.
Thinking of calling this language "Dagarian" in English and დაგარი (თქარინ) natively. Thoughts?
Maybe დაგარი is related to the word for "people" or "nation". It's got nothing to do with Dagestan.
==Background information==
A language spoken in central and western Georgia.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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| '''ჰ''' /h/
| '''ჰ''' /h/
|-
|-
! Liquid
! Approximant
|  
|  
| '''რ''' /r/ '''ლ''' /l/
| '''რ''' /r/ '''ლ''' /l/
|  
| /j/<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|  
| /w/<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|
|
|  
|  
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The semi-vowels /j, w/ only occur in diphthongs and are not consistently represented in the orthography.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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| colspan="2"| '''ა''' /a/
| colspan="2"| '''ა''' /a/
|}
|}
Diphthongs do actually occur even though they are badly represented in the orthography.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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*/o/ > [ɔ]
*/o/ > [ɔ]
*/u/ > [ʊ]
*/u/ > [ʊ]
===Prosody===
===Running speech===
Maybe aspiration gets dropped in running speech and replaced by a modal/creaky voice distinction?
In words where final nasal do occur, they are often dropped (leaving behind no nasalisation of the preceding vowel).
==Orthography==
===Mkhedruli and Romanisation===
*Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli)
*Latin (scholarly)
*Latin (common)
===Other writing systems===
*Armenian
*Cyrillic
*Greek (rare)
*Arabic (rare)
===Punctuation===
*Clauses are preferably separated by commas
*The semi-colon is used more extensively than in English
*Ordinal numbers are commonly abbreviated to the corresponding Roman numerals
*Direct speech...


==Case system==
==Case system==
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*The nominative is used to denote the subject of a verb and also fulfils the vocative role.
*The nominative is used to denote the subject of a verb and also fulfils the vocative role.
*The accusative denotes the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to indicate motion towards something.
*The accusative denotes the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to indicate motion towards something.
*The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a transitive verb as well as indicating a location. It is used with many other prepositions, too (e.g. "with"). The dative is sometimes used to denote the "quirky subject"  of verbs (that is the semantic but not grammatical subject); this usually marks lack of volition, experience or feelings. In addition, there are some verbs whose direct object is marked by the dative case; such verbs are often verbs of hindrance, service and use.
*The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a transitive verb as well as indicating a location. It is used with many other prepositions, too (e.g. "with"). The dative is sometimes used to denote the "quirky subject"  of verbs (that is the semantic but not grammatical subject); this usually marks lack of volition, experience or feelings; it is common to find impersonal constructions where the dative is used in this way. In addition, there are some verbs whose direct object is marked by the dative case; such verbs are often verbs of hindrance, service and use.
*The genitive denotes possession or relationship, a lack or replacement of something as well as provenance. As with the dative, some verbs mark their direct object with the genitive case; these are usually verbs of request and attainment.
*The genitive denotes possession or relationship, a lack or replacement of something as well as provenance. As with the dative, some verbs mark their direct object with the genitive case; these are usually verbs of request and attainment.
There is an archaic fifth case: the instrumental. This is formed identically to the dative except for the fact that ს is replaced by ტ.
There is an archaic fifth case: the instrumental. This is formed identically to the dative except for the fact that ს is replaced by ტ.
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
There is no grammatical gender.
There is no grammatical gender.
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The indefinite declension is given below:
The indefinite declension is given below:


:''These declensions need muddying up a little''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|  
! rowspan="2"|  
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Table given below:
Table given below:
:''These too''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|  
! rowspan="2"|  
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Any noun can be used as an adjective.
Any noun can be used as an adjective.
Adjectives may, however, be separate items. These often add nuance and are formed by the suffixes -იმ- or -ენ- (the root keeping its desinence).


Adjectives precede the noun they qualify and agree in both number and case.
Adjectives precede the noun they qualify and agree in both number and case.
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Superlatives are formed by adding the prefix სა- to the comparative form.
Superlatives are formed by adding the prefix სა- to the comparative form.


The elative degree, a form that can be used instead of the comparative or superlative (especially if no genuine comparison is being made), is often preferred in spoken language and is formed by adding the prefix ძე- and the suffix -იხ.
From სა- comes the word სახი meaning "most" or "best".
From სა- comes the word სახი meaning "most" or "best".


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
Adjectives can be turned into adverbs simply by removing the desinence.
Adjectives can be turned into adverbs simply by removing the desinence.
Time, place, manner, degree/quantity, proadverbs, other


==Prepositions==
==Prepositions==
Prepositions require the use of one of three cases: accusative, dative or genitive.
Prepositions require the use of one of three cases: accusative, dative or genitive.


Many prepositions may take more than one case. A change in case may indicate motion or other semantic change.
Many prepositions may take more than one case, some are even take able to take three. In most cases, a change in case indicates motion.


The accusative is usually used to indicate motion towards, the dative location and the genitive motion away from.
The accusative is usually used to indicate motion towards, the dative location and the genitive motion away from.
There are around forty prepositions, at least half a dozen of which are compounds.


==Numerals==
==Numerals==
All numerals end in -უ and are invariable. That is, with the exception of მილ, მილიონ and მილიარდ.
All numerals end in -უ and are invariable. That is, with the exception of დეკი, რიმა, მილიონ and მილიარდ (zero, thousand, million and billion).


Numerals are placed before the noun they modify and the noun is never pluralised.
Numerals are placed before the noun they modify and the noun is never pluralised.
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==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
===Personal===
===Personal===
:''Not entirely happy with this''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"|
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| ლარშ
| ლარშ
|}
|}
==Possession==
The genitive personal pronouns are used as possessive pronouns.
The role of possessive adjectives is played by prefixes transparently related to their corresponding personal pronouns.
:''Or this''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="5"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Plural
|-
! style="width: 75px; " |1
! style="width: 75px; " |2
! style="width: 75px; " |3 m
! style="width: 75px; " |3 f
! style="width: 75px; " |3 n
! style="width: 75px; " |1
! style="width: 75px; " |2
! style="width: 75px; " |3
|-
! Prevocalic
| ემ-
| ც-
| ო-
| ლივ-
| ჰ-
| ღ-
| ჟ-
| ლარ-
|-
! Preconsonantal
| ემა-
| ცა-
| ო-
| ლი-
| ჰა-
| ღე-
| ჟა-
| ლა-
|}
These prefixes often affect the placement of stress.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Infinitives===
===Infinitives===
Verbal infinitives are formed from roots with the addition of the suffix -(ე)თ.
Verbal infinitives are formed from roots with the addition of the suffix -(ე)თ.
Infinitives can be declined as if they were nouns. In such cases the -თ is removed. However, the nominative form retains the final consonant.


===Conjugation===
===Conjugation===
:''Don't forget these''
Verbs do not conjugate for person; they do conjugate for number, tense, mood, aspect and voice.
Verbs do not conjugate for person; they do conjugate for number, tense, mood, aspect and voice.


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*present: -ს
*present: -ს
*past: -სეხ
*past: -სეხ
===Reflexive===
Prefix სამ- attached to the verbs to convey the reflexive.
This can also convey the auto-benefactive.
===Evidentiality===
Evidentiality is shown by prefixes. There is a three-way distinction: sensory, inferential, hearsay.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Neutral word order: verb-subject-object (well, verb-subject-complement).
Neutral word order: verb-subject-object (well, verb-subject-complement).


In relative clauses: subject-verb-object (subject-verb-complement).
In subordinate clauses: subject-verb-object (subject-verb-complement).


Question words are not obligatorily fronted (except for focus). However, where question words are pro-adverbs they are found clause initially.
Question words are not obligatorily fronted (except for focus). However, where question words are pro-adverbs they are found clause initially.
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Adverbs (et cetera) of manner precede that which they modify.
Adverbs (et cetera) of manner precede that which they modify.


==Derivational morphology==
Subordination and coordination
 
==Word formation and derivational morphology==
===Overview===
Words are made up of that, if left bare, are usually nouns. Roots most often end in -ა, -ო or a consonant. Roots that end in a consonant add -ი to form a simple noun. In compounds the ი-less form is used. Note that some non-nominal roots may end in -ი. Roots that denotes qualities are usually adjectives by default, not nouns.
 
Prefixes are usually prepositions.
 
Roots of changeable non-abstract qualities are often adjectives (which may function as nouns) by default.
 
Compound nouns are head-final.
 
===Negative===
The negative prefix კა- can be used to indicate lack. When it is attached to a noun, the noun is put into the genitive case (singular or plural according to context). Note that due phonological rules, when this is attached to words that begin with consonant clusters, the stress of that word may shift.


==Pragmatics==
==Pragmatics==
If the subject of a relative clause is the same as that in main clause, the personal pronoun may be dropped. This even occurs where the semantic subject is in the dative case in the main clause.
Reported vs direct speech
<!--- Conceptual metaphors --->
==Lexicon==
:''At the moment I only have around 200-250 roots/words/lemmata''
Vocabulary lists:
*Colours
*Days and months
*Orientation
*Weather
*Kinship
*Flora and fauna
*Countries
*Writing
<!---
**ალჶავითი "alphabet" (generic)
**ანბანი "Georgian alphabet"
**აზბუკა "Cyrillic alphabet"
**აბეწედა "Latin alphabet"
**აბუბენი "Armenian alphabet"
**გრეჭენი "Greek alphabet"
**არაბიწა "Arabic alphabet"
--->
Other words:
*Numerals
*Conjunctions
*Prepositions
*Swadesh list
*Loan words
<!--
Phrasebook:
*Greetings and civilities
*Small talk
*Breaking the language barrier
*Numbers and amounts
*Time and dates
*Paperwork
*Getting around
*Accommodation
*Around town
*Interests and entertainment
*Food and drink
*At the market
*Shopping
*Health
*Emergencies
*Idioms
-->
==Example text==
Translation of [[Literature:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]:


==Vocabulary==
:'''ვაინ რა ხერინი'''
:ჭენ ჟუყოს გიდიხ ვაინ, ქთი თივა კამუიშ, ხერიმი; სტივა ზუ სი ლარშ ურგამ ვოზომ; პერხივა ზუ სი ლარშ ბეყიმ ფერიმ; რა ქიმ პერხივა ზუ ჰანამ. ძარეხ ვაინ ხერინსი: "პელი ემაცწოროს, ნეჰუ ემ გიდი ჰანამ, ქთი ვომი ხერიმი". ითევიხ ხერინი: "ვაი, ოსკმი: პელი ღეწოროსი მირ ღე იგიდი ჰომ: სემზგირე ჰანა - ილირადინ - სი მუინშ ვაინშ სხამ შრომ; რა თი ვაი კამუიშ". გაგოსეხ ჰომ, ომბგასიხ ვაინ ჭენ მალომ.
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