Nanyse

Nanyse, also called Lax-An or Ancestor's Tongue, is an old and dead language of the Dumun, the result of the melding of the Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indoeuropean languages due to the enslavement of their speakers by the Byluza. Although it is no longer spoken, this language was the platform that the four current languages of the Dumun were built upon. A small, yet growing, movement has begun among the Jara to breathe new life into the language, but otherwise it is known only to scholars and historians.

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The Lax-An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of a common ancestor of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era)

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Scholars estimate that PIE may have been spoken as a single language (before divergence began) around 3500 BC, though estimates by different authorities can vary by more than a millennium. The most popular hypothesis for the origin and spread of the language is the Kurgan hypothesis, which postulates an origin in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe.

The existence of PIE was first postulated in the 18th century by Sir William Jones, who observed the similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. By the early 20th century, well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today (with some refinements). The largest developments of the 20th century have been the discovery of Anatolian and Tocharian languages and the acceptance of the laryngeal theory. The Anatolian languages have also spurred a major re-evaluation of theories concerning the development of various shared Indo-European language features and the extent to which these features were present in PIE itself.

PIE is thought to have had a complex system of morphology that included inflections (suffixing of roots, as in who, whom, whose), and ablaut (vowel alterations, as in sing, sang, sung). Nouns used a sophisticated system of declension and verbs used a similarly sophisticated system of conjugation.

Relationships to other language families, including the Uralic languages, have been proposed but remain controversial.

There is no written evidence of Proto-Indo-European, so all knowledge of the language is derived by reconstruction from later languages using linguistic techniques such as the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction.

Phonology

PAA a six-vowel system which consists of short /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /aa/, /ii/, /uu/; voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives; a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning; a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive. use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants.

PIE Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, ng] but with rounded lips. Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). They include [k, g, x, ng]. Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate. They include [k', g', x', ng']. For example, [k'] is pronounced as the k in keen.

Vocabulary

Nanyse Vocabulary

Number	Nanyse Word	Nanyse Word Meaning	Proto-Afroasiatic Word	Proto-AA Word Meaning	Proto-Indoeuropean Word	Proto-IE Word Meaning
1	ama	I	ʾanā	I	me	I
2	atu	you (sing)	atta	you	túh₂	you
3	hu	he	hú	he	*	*
4	weva	we	nəħna	we	wéy	we
5	uton	you (pl)	attōn	you	yū	you
6	hem	they	hum	they	*	*
7	kad	this	hāðē	this	kod	this
8	tad	that	hāhu	that	tód	that
9	una	here	hunā	here	*	*
10	unag	there	hunāka	there	*	*
11	manes	who	mannu	who	kʷis	who
12	mæ	what	mā	what	*	*
13	æge	where	ʾaykā	where	*	*
14	mofæ	when	mâθay	when	*	*
15	ægen	how	ʾaykan	how	*	*
16	na	not	ma	not	ne	not
17	dum	all	tVm	all	*	*
18	hal	many	HawVl	many	*	*
19	kalo	some	kmā	some	kaylo, solwo	some
20	adat	few	ḫədāṭ	few	*	*
21	ælfre	other	ʾaħér	other	h₂el-yó	other
22	vonu	one, 1	ʾaħadu	one	(H)óynos	one
23	bwash	two, 2	baʕiĉ̣	two	dwóh₁	two
24	xæyas	three, 3	šalāš	three	tréyes	three
25	tworba	four, 4	ʾarbaʿ	four	kʷetwóres	four
26	uben	five, 5	ḫ/ḥup/bin	five	pénkʷe	five
27	kof	big	kabVr	big	*	*
28	lug	long	ĉaʔd	long	dluh₂gʰós	long
29	lefo	wide	rəħub	wide	*	*
30	fen	thick	ʿvīṭā	thick	bʰenǵʰ	thick
31	jalu	heavy	ɣaluč̣	heavy	gʷer(h₂)	heavy
32	ges	small	kus	small	mey	small
33	regos	short	qâṣâr	short	mreǵʰú	short
34	henga	narrow	qatnu	narrow	h₂enǵʰ	narrow
35	tanus	thin	rVḳ	thin	ténh₂us	thin
36	gamen	female	ʔamin	woman	gʷḗn	woman
37	xero	male	ʒ/ǯa	man	wiHrós	man
38	manica	human being	ga/ič(-aʔ)	human being	mánus	human being
39	pewud	child	w/yVd	child	nepeh₃t	grandson/nephew
40	exo	wife	ʾiššâ	wife	snúsos	daugter-in-law
41	dawa	husband	ḥawVy	husband	*daywe	husband's brother
42	mame	mother	ʔVma	mother	méh₂tēr	mother
43	pape	father	bab	father	ph₂tḗr	father
44	onem	animal	ʕum-ʕam	animal	*	*
45	ku	fish	bus	fish	dʰǵʰu	fish
46	sewa	bird	sabaḥ	bird	h₂éwis	bird
47	kor	dog	kayar	dog	ḱwṓ	dog
48	nyn	louse	ʔint	louse	knid	louse
49	sefan	snake	sVf	snake	h₂engwi	snake
50	rom	worm	dVm	worm	wr̥mi	worm
51	dowu	tree	rVwVy	tree	dóru	tree
52	cur	forest	suʕVr	forest	*	*
53	gadso	stick	guʕad	stick	ǵhasto	stick
54	bar	fruit	pi/ar	fruit	*	*
55	xel	seed	či/ul	seed	*	*
56	sep	leaf	ĉap	leaf	*	*
57	sera	root	ĉVr	root	wréh₂ds	root
58	gog	bark	ḳaw(ḳ)	bark of tree	*	*
59	umpa	flower	ʔanbab	flower	*	*
60	sæn	grass	sayam	grass	koino	grass
61	sul	rope	sur	rope	*	*
62	ape	skin	ʔad-Vm	skin	pel	skin
63	mex	meat	fVʔ	meat	mēms	meat
64	exa	blood	dam	blood	h₁ésh₂r̥	blood
65	gas	bone	ḳ(ʷ)as	bone	kost	bone
66	taru	fat	pidar	fat	smeru	fat
67	zaho	egg	sawVḥ	egg	h₂ōwyóm	egg
68	ko	horn	ḳar	horn	koru	horn
69	ce	tail	č̣ihr	tail	*	*
70	sa	feather	ŝakʷ	feather	*	*
71	fol	hair	sVʔVm	hair	pulh₂	hair
72	kal	head	gVl(gVl)	head	kaput	head
73	os	ear	sim	ear	h₂ows	ear
74	æhuk	eye	ʕayVn	eye	h₃ekʷ	eye
75	nyha	nose	naḫVr	nose	hnéh₂s	nose
76	efas	mouth	ʔa-pay	mouth	h₁oh₁s	mouth
77	adus	tooth	kV(ʔ)Vs	tooth	h₃dónts	tooth
78	lax	tongue	lis	tongue	dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s	tongue
79	nak	fingernail	gu/iĉ	fingernail	h₃nógʰ(r)o	fingernail
80	gob	foot	ĉayṗ	foot	pṓds	foot
81	rosgo	leg	wa(ʕ)r	leg	kroksko	leg
82	kena	knee	g(ʷ)inʒ	knee	ǵónu	knee
83	tæpa	hand	ṭapiḥ	hand	man	hand
84	gam	wing	ganVḥ	wing	*	*
85	hudu	belly	hun	belly	udero	belly
86	yta	guts	*	*	eh₁ter	guts
87	gad	neck	ḳard	neck	mon	neck
88	ya	back	yiʔ	back	*	*
89	sdam	breast	ʔa-nwan	breast	psten	breast
90	kyl	heart	li/ubb	heart	ḱḗr	heart
91	ehywa	liver	tiraw/ʔ	liver	yeh₁kwr̥	liver
92	ag	drink	ʕab	drink	h₁egʷʰ	to drink
93	ed	eat	birVh	eat	h₁ed	to eat
94	kek	bite	ḳVḳ	bite	denḱ	to bite
95	ok	suck	ni/uḳ	suck	dʰeh₁(i)	to suck
96	pyx	spit	pičw	to spit	sp(y)eu	to spit
97	gen	vomit	ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ	vomit	wem	to vomit
98	sewe	blow	fiwaq	blow	weh₁	to blow
99	nuse	breathe	nVsVp	breathe	pneu	to breathe
100	mi	laugh	*	*	(s)mei	to laugh
101	no	see	naʔ	see	weyd	to see
102	glu	hear	*	*	ḱlew	to hear
103	ewa	know	siwan	know	ǵneh₃	to know
104	rag	think	lak	think	tong	to think
105	senæ	smell	sVn	smell	h₃ed	to smell
106	fure	fear	furVh	fear	*	*
107	wam	sleep	wiʕan	sleep	drem	to sleep
108	gew	live	gir	live	gʷeiH₃w	to live
109	mat	die	mawVt	die	mer	to die
110	ken	kill	ɣVwar	kill	gʷʰen	to kill
111	lam	fight	laḥm	fight	*	*
112	xohe	hunt	c̣ayad	hunt	*	*
113	ple	hit	nig(ʕ)	strike	pleh₂k	to hit
114	tag	cut	dac	cut	*	*
115	fedak	split	fVṭVḳ	split	*	*
116	taka	stab	dagwaṣa	stab	*	*
117	kolb	scratch	ʔakul	scratch	gerbʰ	to scratch
118	hot	dig	hut	dig	*	*
119	nehu	swim	nVbVy	swim	néh₂-u	to swim
120	per	fly	pVr	fly	pet	to fly
121	krod	walk	ŝVʔŝVʔ	walk	gʰredʰ	to walk
122	jam	come	may	come	gʷem	to come
123	lek	lie	*	*	legʰ	to lie
124	sdes	sit	tis	sit	sed	to sit
125	sta	stand	ĉawVʔ	stand	steh₂	to stand
126	han	turn	ʕVn	turn	*	*
127	de	fall	diḥ	fall	*	*
128	bela	give	barVʕ	give	deh₃	to give
129	sek	hold	kum	hold	segʰ	to hold
130	xad	squeeze	ĉVḥaṭ	squeeze	*	*
131	male	rub	ʕVruk	rub	melh₁	to rub
132	lew	wash	waʕab	wash	leh₂w	to wash
133	fet	wipe	fVtt	wipe	*	*
134	ta	pull	ʔitaḥ	pull	*	*
135	tu	push	tur	push	*	*
136	fep	throw	ĉVl	throw	swep	to throw
137	kanu	tie	ḳanVw	tie	*	*
138	syhup	sew	ʕVḳVp	sew	syuh₁	to sew
139	ud	count	ʕud	count	*	*
140	ka	say	kaw	say	*	*
141	gan	sing	gaʔ	sing	kan	to sing
142	reh	play	riw	play	*	*
143	daf	float	ṭaf	float	*	*
144	balal	flow	bVl(Vl)	flow	*	*
145	gerex	freeze	ḳVrVs	freeze	*	*
146	ba	swell	bVʕ	swell	*	*
147	azo	sun	ʔaǯ	sun	sóh₂wl̥	sun
148	mehyn	moon	ḳiḥ	moon	mḗh₁n̥s	moon
149	estyr	star	suhw	star	h₂stḗr	star
150	ma	water	maʔ	water	h₂ekʷeh₂	water
151	mun	rain	buʕun	rain	h₂ekmon	rain
152	ekæ	river	siw/ʔVn	river	h₂ekw-eh₂	river
153	hep	lake	wVʕVr	lake	h₂ep	lake
154	eam	sea	yam	sea	*	*
155	ham	salt	ḥamʕ/ʔ	salt	sal	salt
156	akmo	stone	ḥak	stone	h₂ekmon	stone
157	bor	sand	bur	sand	*	*
158	fæ	dust	fay/ʔ	sand	pers	dust
159	aric	earth	ʔariĉ̣	earth	dʰéǵʰōm	earth
160	næbo	cloud	ɣay/wb	cloud	nébʰos	cloud
161	snuf	fog	luf	fog	sneudh	fog
162	ra	sky	raw	sky	*	*
163	sawa	wind	sa(w/yV)ḥ	wind	ḱewero	wind
164	sne	snow	*	*	sneigwh	snow
165	ek	ice	*	*	yeg	ice
166	damo	smoke	daʕar	smoke	dʰuh₁mós	smoke
167	jer	fire	gir	fire	h₁égnis	fire
168	jur	ash	gur	ash	h₃és-i	ash
169	yr	burn	ʔu/ir	burn	swel	to burn
170	pan	road	darib	road	pent	road
171	wur	mountain	ḫurs	mountain	gʷerh₃	mountain
172	ton	red	dVm	red	h₁rewdʰós	red
173	ureg	green	wVraḳ	green	*	*
174	kam	yellow	caḥm	yellow	k(e)nhkos	yellow
175	abos	white	c̣aḥ	white	h₂elbʰós	white
176	cem	black	č̣ilam	black	h₂ems	black
177	nake	night	naw/yn	night	nókʷts	night
178	era	day	hVraw/y	day	h₂eǵh	day
179	san	year	san	year	yeHr	year
180	sers	warm	sirVf	warm	tep	warm
181	juwa	cold	ḥVwas	cold	gel	cold
182	uro	full	ḫVr	full	pl̥h₁nós	full
183	mæho	new	may/ʔ	new	néwos	new
184	hasen	old	yas	old	senh₁ó	old
185	mor	good	mVr	good	h₁su	good
186	awab	bad	yaway	bad	h₂wap	bad
187	pog	rotten	buḳ	be rotten	*	*
188	sud	dirty	suʔit	be dirty	*	*
189	ysar	straight	yasar	straight	*	*
190	topol	round	dVbVl	round	*	*
191	zed	sharp	ħadd	sharp	h₂eḱ	sharp
192	bwado	dull	pVṭVs	flatten	*	*
193	elak	smooth	ḥalaḳ	be smooth	*	*
194	eda	wet	daʔ	wet	wed	wet
195	tuz	dry	kVʒ	dry	ters	dry
196	maro	correct	marVʕ	be true	*	*
197	kærf	near	qâróv	near	*	*
198	we	far	way	far	wi	far
199	delum	right	walyam	right	deḱs	right
200	xewas	left	šimāl	left	sewyós	left
201	apy	at	ba	at	opi	at
202	pen	in	bi	in	(h₁?)en	in
203	be	with	bi	with	pe	with
204	kwa	and	wa	and	kʷe	and
205	am	if	ʾim,	if	*	*
206	bedal	because	biğlal	because	*	*
207	xynam	name	sim	name	h₁nómn̥	name
*	an	ancestor	*	*	h₂en-	ancestor
*	dedar	brother	di/ad	brother	bʰréh₂tēr	brother
*	sesar	sister	si/ut	sister	swésōr	sister
*	zanu	son	ʒ/ǯaʔ	son	suHnús	son
*	date	daughter	si/ut	daughter	dʰugh₂tḗr	daughter
*	*	*	*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*	*	*	*