Suebish: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{movedon}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Tudicese
|name          = Suebish
|nativename    = thýdhyk tuña
|nativename    = lyngala söiguisca
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[çyːjʏkʲ tuŋːa]}}
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ˈlʏŋːala ɕøʏ̯ˈɡiska]}}
|states (state) = Italy
|states (state) = Suebia (''Söiga'')
|region        = Liguria and Piedmont, Northwestern Italy
|region        = Alt-Northern Europe
|ethnicity    = Tudicese (''thýdhykusit'')
|ethnicity    = Suebians (''Söigueses'')
|speakers      = {{formatnum:3000}}
|speakers      = {{formatnum:1700000}}
|date          = 2018
|date          = 2019
|familycolor  = Indo-European
|familycolor  = Indo-European
|fam2          = Germanic
|fam2          = Italic
|fam3          = South Germanic
|fam3          = Romance
|fam4          = Northern Romance
|ancestor(2/3) = Latin
|ancestor(2/3) = Latin
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|created      = Sep 2019
|created      = Oct 2019
|setting      = Alt-Earth
|setting      = Alt-Earth
|script        = Latin alphabet
|script        = Latin alphabet
|nation        = Suebia
|agency        = National Academy of the Suebish Language<br/>''Academíla Nazionala ad Lyngala Söiguisca''
}}
}}
'''Suebish''' (natively ''söiguisc'' {{IPA|[ɕøʏ̯ˈɡisk]}} or ''lynga(la) söiguisca'' {{IPA|[ˈlʏŋːala ɕøʏ̯ˈɡiska]}}) is a Romance language spoken in an alt-historical Earth, in the country of Suebia (''Söiga''), in the area of real-world Pomerania.


'''Tudicese''' (natively ''thýdhyk tuña'' {{IPA|[çyːjʏkʲ tuŋːa]}}) is a minoritary [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] spoken in an alternate timeline of Earth by a few thousands of speakers in southern [[w:Piedmont|Piedmont]] and parts of inland [[w:Liguria|Liguria]], in northern [[w:Italy|Italy]], roughly in a territory between the [[w:Scrivia|Scrivia]] river in the east and the [[w:Bormida|Bormida]] in the west.
The only member of the Northern Romance branch, Suebish has, due to relative and long isolation from the rest of the Romance-speaking world, followed its own path of evolution and has absorbed lots of words, grammatical features, and influence on phonology, from its neighboring languages: most prominently Old Norse, but also Proto-Slavic, Baltic languages, Low German and, more recently, Standard High German and Polish.


Tudicese is an outlier language in the Germanic branch, having evolved itself in isolation from its sister languages (even if some similarities with distant relatives such as the [[w:North Germanic languages|North Germanic languages]] can be found), and while it maintained a small literary tradition, its spelling is fairly conservative, even though the pronunciation is easily predictable. Phonologically, it is very distinct from both other Germanic languages and the Gallo-Italic languages it is nestled among.
==Introduction==
===External history===
Suebish is basically a near-total reboot of my earlier romlang-turned-jokelang [[Wendlandish]] (alongside [[Lifashian]], which is a translation of the same setting in another area), with a more serious Romance aesthetic instead of the faux-Old Norse one it had; the language itself is completely different aside from being derived from Latin, and had as main natlang inspirations all Gallo-Italic languages (most notably Piedmontese) and Catalan. It is also meant to follow an approach to romlanging quite different from the one of my other current romlang, [[Atlantic]].


In the course of its history, Tudicese adopted various [[w:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] and [[w:Ligurian language|Ligurian]] borrowings, as well as, in more recent times, lots of influence from [[w:Italian language|Standard Italian]], whose expansion in the last century has made Tudicese a severely endangered language: as with most minoritary languages of Italy, nearly all Tudicese speakers carry Italian names, are bilingual in Italian and use predominantly the latter in most social contexts.
===Internal history===
 
The areas where the use of Tudicese is most vibrant are the uppermost valleys of the Erro, Orba, and Stura rivers, particularly in the Ligurian municipalities of Mioglia, Pontinvrea, Sassello, Urbe, Tiglieto, Campo Ligure, and Masone, and the Piedmontese municipalities of Pareto, Ponzone, and Molare. While most areas have their own dialects, they diverge mostly in vocabulary rather than phonology or morphology (with a few differences in phonology to be found in the mostly moribund dialects of the areas of Gavi and Parodi Ligure). Unless differently noted, the variant used in this page is the dialect spoken around Sassello (''Sälsyl'' {{IPA|[ɕɛlʲɕʏlʲ]}} in Tudicese).


==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
==Orthography==
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
In line with the most innovative Germanic languages and with its Romance neighbours, Tudicese lost case in its evolution, and probably was one of the earliest Germanic languages to lose its case system, as early as the late Middle Ages.
Suebish nouns mainly follow two declension patterns, the masculine and the feminine one. Unlike many Romance languages (but like Romanian and close relatives, as well as Suebish's neighbours on the other side of the Baltic sea, the mainland North Germanic languages), articles are suffixed to the noun.
Nouns are inflected for number and take a suffixed definite article; unlike most other Germanic languages with suffixed articles, there is no standalone definite article. The plural and definite inflections vary according to the three genders of Tudicese nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
Feminine nouns are the most simple, as all regular declensions have been analogically levelled to a single one, having ''-e'' in the singular indefinite, ''-a'' in the singular definite, ''-us'' in the plural indefinite, and ''-veis'' or ''-useis'' in the plural definite:
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Masculine !! colspan=2 | Feminine
* ''tuñe'' "a tongue, a language"
|-
* ''tuña'' "the tongue, the languages"
! Indefinite !! Definite !! Indefinite !! Definite
* ''tuñus'' "tongues, languages"
|-
* ''tuñveis'' "the tongues, the languages"
! Singular
| vir <small>"man"</small> || vir'''ol''' || fimna <small>"wife"</small> || fimna'''la'''
|-
! Plural
| vir'''s''' || vir'''sos''' || fimna'''s''' || fimna'''llas'''
|}
There are some exceptions to these declensions, for example:
* there are many feminine words that follow the same pattern as the masculine declension in the indefinite, as in ''ciutat'' "city" - pl. indefinite ''ciutads'' - sg. definite ''ciutalla'' - pl. definite ''ciutadsas'' - and similarly all words in ''-tat'' (e.g. ''viortat'' "truth", ''liurtat'' "freedom").
* some feminine words have no ending in the singular indefinite and add ''-es'' in the plural instead, like ''tur'' "tower" (''tures'' - ''tulla'' - ''turellas'').
* feminine words ending in a stressed vowel have ''-r-'' in the other forms, as with ''mylé'' "woman" (''mylella'' - ''myleres'' - ''mylerellas'').
* masculine words ending in a diphthong or in a palatal consonant (except for ''-gl'') have ''-el'' instead of ''-ol'' in the singular definite, e.g. ''peś'' "fish" (''pesel'' - ''peses'' - ''pesellos'');
** masculine words ending in ''-gl'' have palatal ''-ś'' in the plural indefinite and ''-il'' in the singular definite, e.g. ''figl'' "son" (''figlil'' - ''figlś'' - ''figlsios'')
* As in the example with ''ciutat'' above, word-final devoicing is orthographically marked, so that those words are written with the unvoiced counterpart in other forms (even before ''-s'', where those consonants are still phonetically unvoiced), e.g. ''cent'' "male kid, baby" (''cendol'' - ''cends'' - ''cendsos'')
* As seen in previous examples such as ''tur'' or ''mylé(r)'', and in many plural forms, final ''-r'' (and plural ''-s'') assimilates to the ''-l-'' of the definite suffixes, but it is the reverse with other final consonants like ''-n'' or ''-s'', e.g. ''alsös'' "salmon" (''alsössa'' - ''alsöses'' - ''alsösellas'') or ''elen'' "deer" (''elenna'' - ''elenes'' - ''elenellas'').
* There are irregular plural forms, such as ''om'' "human" and ''nom'' "name", whose plural indefinite forms are ''omens'' and ''nomens'' respectively.


Irregular plurals just have ''-eis'' as the definite inflection:
===Verbs===
* ''svietir'' {{IPA|[ɕfʲiə̯tʲirʲ]}} "a sister"
Suebish has regularized most verbal forms to extents greater than most other Romance languages, otherwise only found in Gallo-Italic languages such as Lombard. Like Gallo-Italic languages (but in a different way), originally emphatic clitic pronouns became mandatory and then formed new verbal suffixes in all persons but the first singular and the third plural. Suebish, unlike other Romance languages (excluding clitics in Gallo-Italic languages), mandatorily indicates gender in the third person singular. This process of cliticization is most evident in the synchronically irregular forms of "to be" such as ''tess'' "you are" (< *tə-és-(tə)). Only two conjugations are distinguished, with the second conjugation (the merger of the latter three conjugations of Latin) having just a distinction in the first person, with original third conjugation verbs (excluding those in <small>-IŌ</small>) having a zero ending, while the others have ''-i'', as well as original third conjugation verbs having an unstressed final vowel (cf. ''arcibi'' "to receive" vs. ''intarviní'' "to intervene").
* ''svietira'' "the sister"
* ''svítris'' {{IPA|[ɕfʲeɪ̯ʈʂɯɕ]}} "sisters"
* ''svítriseis'' "the sisters"


Masculine nouns distinguish three inflections: ''-us'' plurals (Proto-Germanic a-stems), ''-is'' plurals (i-stems), and ''-ys'' plurals (u-stems). The definite inflections are ''-an'' for the singular and ''-it'' for the plural:
As with nouns, word-final devoicing is indicated in the first person singular, leading to alternations such as ''mi terp'' "I need", ''ti terbet'' "you need".
* ''vulf'' "a wolf"
* ''vulfan'' "the wolf"
* ''vulfus'' "wolves"
* ''vulfusit'' "the wolves"


* ''gáti'' "a guest"
{| class="wikitable"
* ''gátian'' {{IPA|[ɣɑːtʲæn]}} "the guest"
|+ First conjugation: ''copài'' (to buy)
* ''gátis'' "guests"
|-
* ''gátisit'' "the guests"
! !! Present ind. !! Imperf. ind.
|-
! mi
| cop || cop'''ava'''
|-
! ti
| cop'''et''' || cop'''aust'''
|-
! igl
| cop'''al''' || cop'''audal'''
|-
! glia
| cop'''ia''' || cop'''audla'''
|-
! nisaltars
| cop'''àn''' || cop'''vamun'''
|-
! vusaltars
| cop'''àu''' || cop'''vàdiu'''
|-
! ilò
| cop'''en''' || cop'''aven'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Second conjugation: ''arcibi'' (to receive)
|-
! !! Present ind. !! Imperf. ind.
|-
! mi
| arcib'''i''' || arcib'''eia'''
|-
! ti
| arcib'''it''' || arcib'''eist'''
|-
! igl
| arcib'''il''' || arcib'''eidal'''
|-
! glia
| arcib'''ia''' || arcib'''eidla'''
|-
! nisaltars
| arcib'''ín''' || arcib'''vamun'''
|-
! vusaltars
| arcib'''íu''' || arcib'''vàdiu'''
|-
! ilò
| arcib'''iun''' || arcib'''eien'''
|}


* ''sun'' "a son"
Reflexive forms are made by suffixing ''-s'' to the infinitive and prefixing the corresponding clitic pronoun in other forms; the clitic is usually ''as'', except for the first- and second-person singular in the indicative, which have ''am'' and ''at'' respectively. Note that they still use ''as'' in the subjunctive:
* ''sunan'' "the son"
* Indicative: ''Ti t'arcordet ad fàigl.'' "You remember to do that."
* ''synys'' "sons"
* Subjunctive: ''Al fać pi ca ti s'arcordet ad fàigl.'' "I do it, so that you remember to do that."
* ''synysit'' "the sons"


Neuter nouns have three patterns: invariable nouns, ''-u'' plurals (ending in ''-a'' in the singular), and ''-uon'' plurals. The definite inflections are ''-et'' for the singular and ''-a'' for the plural:
====Past====
* ''ioka'' "a yoke"
There are two different forms of analytic past tenses in Suebish, differing by the choice of their auxiliary. The auxiliaries ''aví'' and ''essi'' (for transitive and intransitive verbs respectively) denote an action performed once or at a specific moment in time, while using ''tení'' (for all verbs) denotes frequentative or experiential aspect, as in the following examples:
* ''iokat'' "the yoke"
* ''Ilò agen digut'' - "they said (once)"
* ''iuku'' "yokes"
* ''Ilò tenguen digut'' - "they said (multiple times); they used to say"
* ''iukua'' {{IPA|[ˈjukwa]}} "the yokes"
* ''Nisaltars al agèn re digut'' - "we did not say it (then, at that point in time)"
* ''Nisaltars al tenín re digut'' - "we never said it"


* ''ág'' "an eye"
====Subjunctive====
* ''áget'' "the eye"
The present subjunctive forms of regular verbs are identical to the present indicative ones; verbs which have a different stem in the 1SG present indicative form, however, use that stem in the present subjunctive, and with first conjugation terminations:
* ''águon'' "eyes"
* Regular verb (''copài'' "to buy", pres. ind. ''mi cop, ti copet'') → pres. subj. ''mi cop, ti copet, igl copal, glia copia, ...''
* ''águona'' "the eyes"
* Irregular verb (''vení'' "to come", pres. ind. ''mi venc, ti venit'') → pres. subj. ''mi venc, ti venguet, igl vengal, glia venguia, ...''


* ''mär'' "a lake"
====Main irregular verbs====
* ''märet'' "the lake"
The main irregular verbs are, as common among Romance languages, ''essi'' (to be) and ''aví'' (to have):
* ''mär'' "lakes"
{| class="wikitable"
* ''mära'' "the lakes"
|+ ''essi'' (to be)
|-
! !! Present ind. !! Imperf. ind.
|-
! mi
| somm || era
|-
! ti
| tess || erest
|-
! igl
| el || erdal
|-
! glia
| eia || erdla
|-
! nisaltars
| ansú || erimun
|-
! vusaltars
| vess || erídiu
|-
! ilò
| sun || eren
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''aví'' (to have)
|-
! !! Present ind. !! Imperf. ind.
|-
! mi
| ać || veia
|-
! ti
| aget || veist
|-
! igl
| agil || veidal
|-
! glia
| agia || veidla
|-
! nisaltars
| agèn || avamun
|-
! vusaltars
| agèu || avàdiu
|-
! ilò
| agen || veien
|}


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 79: Line 194:
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Romance]]

Latest revision as of 20:48, 11 March 2021

Suebish
lyngala söiguisca
Pronunciation[[ˈlʏŋːala ɕøʏ̯ˈɡiska]]
Created byLili21
DateOct 2019
SettingAlt-Earth
EthnicitySuebians (Söigueses)
Native speakers1,700,000 (2019)
Indo-European
  • Italic
    • Romance
      • Northern Romance
        • Suebish
Official status
Official language in
Suebia
Regulated byNational Academy of the Suebish Language
Academíla Nazionala ad Lyngala Söiguisca

Suebish (natively söiguisc [ɕøʏ̯ˈɡisk] or lynga(la) söiguisca [ˈlʏŋːala ɕøʏ̯ˈɡiska]) is a Romance language spoken in an alt-historical Earth, in the country of Suebia (Söiga), in the area of real-world Pomerania.

The only member of the Northern Romance branch, Suebish has, due to relative and long isolation from the rest of the Romance-speaking world, followed its own path of evolution and has absorbed lots of words, grammatical features, and influence on phonology, from its neighboring languages: most prominently Old Norse, but also Proto-Slavic, Baltic languages, Low German and, more recently, Standard High German and Polish.

Introduction

External history

Suebish is basically a near-total reboot of my earlier romlang-turned-jokelang Wendlandish (alongside Lifashian, which is a translation of the same setting in another area), with a more serious Romance aesthetic instead of the faux-Old Norse one it had; the language itself is completely different aside from being derived from Latin, and had as main natlang inspirations all Gallo-Italic languages (most notably Piedmontese) and Catalan. It is also meant to follow an approach to romlanging quite different from the one of my other current romlang, Atlantic.

Internal history

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Orthography

Morphology

Nouns

Suebish nouns mainly follow two declension patterns, the masculine and the feminine one. Unlike many Romance languages (but like Romanian and close relatives, as well as Suebish's neighbours on the other side of the Baltic sea, the mainland North Germanic languages), articles are suffixed to the noun.

Masculine Feminine
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Singular vir "man" virol fimna "wife" fimnala
Plural virs virsos fimnas fimnallas

There are some exceptions to these declensions, for example:

  • there are many feminine words that follow the same pattern as the masculine declension in the indefinite, as in ciutat "city" - pl. indefinite ciutads - sg. definite ciutalla - pl. definite ciutadsas - and similarly all words in -tat (e.g. viortat "truth", liurtat "freedom").
  • some feminine words have no ending in the singular indefinite and add -es in the plural instead, like tur "tower" (tures - tulla - turellas).
  • feminine words ending in a stressed vowel have -r- in the other forms, as with mylé "woman" (mylella - myleres - mylerellas).
  • masculine words ending in a diphthong or in a palatal consonant (except for -gl) have -el instead of -ol in the singular definite, e.g. peś "fish" (pesel - peses - pesellos);
    • masculine words ending in -gl have palatal -ś in the plural indefinite and -il in the singular definite, e.g. figl "son" (figlil - figlś - figlsios)
  • As in the example with ciutat above, word-final devoicing is orthographically marked, so that those words are written with the unvoiced counterpart in other forms (even before -s, where those consonants are still phonetically unvoiced), e.g. cent "male kid, baby" (cendol - cends - cendsos)
  • As seen in previous examples such as tur or mylé(r), and in many plural forms, final -r (and plural -s) assimilates to the -l- of the definite suffixes, but it is the reverse with other final consonants like -n or -s, e.g. alsös "salmon" (alsössa - alsöses - alsösellas) or elen "deer" (elenna - elenes - elenellas).
  • There are irregular plural forms, such as om "human" and nom "name", whose plural indefinite forms are omens and nomens respectively.

Verbs

Suebish has regularized most verbal forms to extents greater than most other Romance languages, otherwise only found in Gallo-Italic languages such as Lombard. Like Gallo-Italic languages (but in a different way), originally emphatic clitic pronouns became mandatory and then formed new verbal suffixes in all persons but the first singular and the third plural. Suebish, unlike other Romance languages (excluding clitics in Gallo-Italic languages), mandatorily indicates gender in the third person singular. This process of cliticization is most evident in the synchronically irregular forms of "to be" such as tess "you are" (< *tə-és-(tə)). Only two conjugations are distinguished, with the second conjugation (the merger of the latter three conjugations of Latin) having just a distinction in the first person, with original third conjugation verbs (excluding those in -IŌ) having a zero ending, while the others have -i, as well as original third conjugation verbs having an unstressed final vowel (cf. arcibi "to receive" vs. intarviní "to intervene").

As with nouns, word-final devoicing is indicated in the first person singular, leading to alternations such as mi terp "I need", ti terbet "you need".

First conjugation: copài (to buy)
Present ind. Imperf. ind.
mi cop copava
ti copet copaust
igl copal copaudal
glia copia copaudla
nisaltars copàn copvamun
vusaltars copàu copvàdiu
ilò copen copaven
Second conjugation: arcibi (to receive)
Present ind. Imperf. ind.
mi arcibi arcibeia
ti arcibit arcibeist
igl arcibil arcibeidal
glia arcibia arcibeidla
nisaltars arcibín arcibvamun
vusaltars arcibíu arcibvàdiu
ilò arcibiun arcibeien

Reflexive forms are made by suffixing -s to the infinitive and prefixing the corresponding clitic pronoun in other forms; the clitic is usually as, except for the first- and second-person singular in the indicative, which have am and at respectively. Note that they still use as in the subjunctive:

  • Indicative: Ti t'arcordet ad fàigl. "You remember to do that."
  • Subjunctive: Al fać pi ca ti s'arcordet ad fàigl. "I do it, so that you remember to do that."

Past

There are two different forms of analytic past tenses in Suebish, differing by the choice of their auxiliary. The auxiliaries aví and essi (for transitive and intransitive verbs respectively) denote an action performed once or at a specific moment in time, while using tení (for all verbs) denotes frequentative or experiential aspect, as in the following examples:

  • Ilò agen digut - "they said (once)"
  • Ilò tenguen digut - "they said (multiple times); they used to say"
  • Nisaltars al agèn re digut - "we did not say it (then, at that point in time)"
  • Nisaltars al tenín re digut - "we never said it"

Subjunctive

The present subjunctive forms of regular verbs are identical to the present indicative ones; verbs which have a different stem in the 1SG present indicative form, however, use that stem in the present subjunctive, and with first conjugation terminations:

  • Regular verb (copài "to buy", pres. ind. mi cop, ti copet) → pres. subj. mi cop, ti copet, igl copal, glia copia, ...
  • Irregular verb (vení "to come", pres. ind. mi venc, ti venit) → pres. subj. mi venc, ti venguet, igl vengal, glia venguia, ...

Main irregular verbs

The main irregular verbs are, as common among Romance languages, essi (to be) and aví (to have):

essi (to be)
Present ind. Imperf. ind.
mi somm era
ti tess erest
igl el erdal
glia eia erdla
nisaltars ansú erimun
vusaltars vess erídiu
ilò sun eren
aví (to have)
Present ind. Imperf. ind.
mi ać veia
ti aget veist
igl agil veidal
glia agia veidla
nisaltars agèn avamun
vusaltars agèu avàdiu
ilò agen veien

Notes

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Suebish&oldid=222506"