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Kirtumur: Difference between revisions
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Here the indirect object is marked on a verb with a prefix ''na-'', while the oblique object ''heim'' ("house") is marked with a prefix ''ci-''. | Here the indirect object is marked on a verb with a prefix ''na-'', while the oblique object ''heim'' ("house") is marked with a prefix ''ci-''. | ||
==Syntax== | |||
In Kirtumur word order plays no role in the marking of syntactic functions and thus Kirtumur has a rather free word order in clauses. Because so many syntactic functions can be realized by verbal affixes, a verbal form alone is sufficient enough to make up a complete clause: ''enekhēkkurtē'' "he/she had made it clear for them" (AOR-3IO.PL-clear.CAUS-PRF-3AG.3PAT). Most clauses contain more words, though. The verbal form is then more likely the last word of the clause, being preceded by noun phrases, although this is not the default order, as the actual default order is not fixed. | |||
:{| | |||
|yiŋirakes | |||
|uheim | |||
|iritē | |||
|- | |||
|yi-ŋir-ak-es | |||
|uheim-∅ | |||
|e-rit-ē | |||
|- | |||
|this-person-PL-ERG | |||
|palace-ABS | |||
|AOR-build-3S.AG.3S.PAT | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | "These people built a palace". | |||
|} | |||
In the example above, the basic order in a transitive clause is SOV or, more precisely, APV (agent-patient-verb). But a transitive sentence may have other clause elements inside, which can be placed in practically any position withough altering the meaning. For example: | |||
:{| | |||
|yiŋirak | |||
|Thikniri | |||
|muritaknues | |||
|yēl | |||
|aŋaranu | |||
|uheim | |||
|enaxiritē | |||
|- | |||
|yi-ŋir-ak | |||
|Thiknir-i | |||
|mu-rit-ak-nu-es | |||
|y-ēl | |||
|aŋar-a-nu | |||
|uheim-∅ | |||
|e-na-xi-rit-ē | |||
|- | |||
|this-person-PL | |||
|Green God/Goddess-ABS | |||
|AGT-build-PL-3POSS-ERG | |||
|this-word | |||
|be.straight-INF-3POSS | |||
|palace-ABS | |||
|AOR-3.SG.OBL-AND-build-3S.AG.3S.PAT | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | "These people, the Green Goddess’ builders, built the palace with her direct order". | |||
|} | |||
:{| | |||
|Hayira | |||
|khauni | |||
|akaninax | |||
|- | |||
|ha-yi-ra | |||
|kh-auni | |||
|akanin-ax-tai | |||
|- | |||
|EMPH-this-time | |||
|make-PST.PASS.PCP | |||
|statue-be-PRF.STAT | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | "At this time a statue has been made". | |||
|} | |||
An interrogative particle or a verb form with the interrogative prefix is usually the first word of the clause. Topicalised nouns also precede all other words in a sentence, even the interrogative particle: | |||
:{| | |||
|Reikentirarta | |||
|kar | |||
|athēl | |||
|banaōŋē | |||
|- | |||
|Reikentir-ar-ta | |||
|kar | |||
|ath-ēl | |||
|ba-na-ōŋ-ē | |||
|- | |||
|Yellow God-DAT-COMM | |||
|who | |||
|yonder-word-ABS | |||
|SUBJ-3SG.IO-measure-3AG.3PAT | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | "Who would give an order to the Yellow God". | |||
|} | |||
Various exclamations, emphatic particles, vocative nouns are also typically placed before other words in a sentence. Conjunctions, such as ''ō'' "and" or ''mu'' "because", are almost exclusively clause-initial. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Kyrdan]] | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Kyrdan]] | ||