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Kelt: Difference between revisions
→Cardinal
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Roots may consist of any of the following structures: | Roots may consist of any of the following structures: | ||
:: CVC | :: CVC | ||
:: | :: CV<sup>1</sup>V<sup>1</sup>C | ||
:: C''r''VC | :: C''r''VC | ||
:: | :: CV<sup>1</sup>CV<sup>1</sup>C | ||
Prefixes usually end in a vowel though a few consonant-final prefixes do occur. Suffixes frequently begin with consonants, creating consonant clusters across morpheme boundaries. | Prefixes usually end in a vowel though a few consonant-final prefixes do occur. Suffixes frequently begin with consonants, creating consonant clusters across morpheme boundaries. | ||
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The maximal structure for a syllable is therefore C''r''VCC or CVVCC (e.g. ''heent'' "vision, view"). | The maximal structure for a syllable is therefore C''r''VCC or CVVCC (e.g. ''heent'' "vision, view"). | ||
:: '''Note:''' it has been proposed that, historically, Kelt roots were limited to CVC structure but that these syllables could be augmented with prefixed consonants plus the main vowel repeated. Evidence for this comes from the relationship between certain CVC roots and longer roots, e.g. ''palat'' "spear" seems to be an ancient derivative of ''lat'' "thrust, pierce", ''hatal'' "child" looks to be from ''tal'' "raise, nourish". In this way, initial CVC roots gave rise to CVCVC roots and, either directly or through a later process of elision, to C''r''VC roots. The meaning of these consonant prefixes is not understood. CVVC roots are also thought to have developed in the same way from earlier CVC roots with a now lost initial consonant, | :: '''Note:''' it has been proposed that, historically, Kelt roots were limited to CVC structure but that these syllables could be augmented with prefixed consonants plus the main vowel repeated. Evidence for this comes from the relationship between certain CVC roots and longer roots, e.g. ''palat'' "spear" seems to be an ancient derivative of ''lat'' "thrust, pierce", ''hatal'' "child" looks to be from ''tal'' "raise, nourish". In this way, initial CVC roots gave rise to CVCVC roots and, either directly or through a later process of elision, to C''r''VC roots. The meaning of these consonant prefixes is not understood. CVVC roots are also thought to have developed in the same way from earlier CVC roots with a now lost initial consonant, probably ''h'' (later ''h'' being a reduced form of /x/). Thus eKelt ''*han'' or yielded ''*lahan'' then ''laan''. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! width="25px;" | 2 | ! width="25px;" | 2 | ||
| width="100px;" | '' | | width="100px;" | ''tśak'' | ||
! width="25px;" | 7 | ! width="25px;" | 7 | ||
| width="100px;" | '' | | width="100px;" | ''mastśak'' | ||
! width="25px;" | 12 | ! width="25px;" | 12 | ||
| width="100px;" |'' | | width="100px;" |'' tultśak'' | ||
! width="25px;" | 17 | ! width="25px;" | 17 | ||
| width="100px;" | '' | | width="100px;" | ''pettśak'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="25px;" | 3 | ! width="25px;" | 3 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! width="25px;" | 40 | ! width="25px;" | 40 | ||
| width="100px;" | '' | | width="100px;" | ''tśaksel'' | ||
! width="25px;" | 60 | ! width="25px;" | 60 | ||
| width="100px;" | ''fapsel'' | | width="100px;" | ''fapsel'' | ||
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''Yan'' "100" is the highest unique numeral. Above this, tens and units follow after the conjunctive particle ''i'', e.g. ''yan i wan'' "101", ''yan i waksel-tulfap'' "193". | ''Yan'' "100" is the highest unique numeral. Above this, tens and units follow after the conjunctive particle ''i'', e.g. ''yan i wan'' "101", ''yan i waksel-tulfap'' "193". | ||
Multiples of 100 are formed like multiples of 20 but continue beyond "4x", e.g. '' | Multiples of 100 are formed like multiples of 20 but continue beyond "4x", e.g. ''tśakyan'' "200", ''fapyan'' "300", ''maswanyan'' "600", ''tulyan'' "1,000", ''petyan'' "1,500", ''selyan'' "2,000". | ||
Higher numbers (above 100) are rarely attested; the system for counting above 2,000 is unknown and may not have existed. The word ''hatmara'' occurs in some contexts and appears to have originally meant "a great number" but may have been used in later Kelt to translate Latin ''milia'' "thousand". | Higher numbers (above 100) are rarely attested; the system for counting above 2,000 is unknown and may not have existed. The word ''hatmara'' occurs in some contexts and appears to have originally meant "a great number" but may have been used in later Kelt to translate Latin ''milia'' "thousand". | ||