Chlouvānem/Swadesh list: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
| (29 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
|wrd002=''sāmi'' (informal)<br/>''nami'' (formal superior)<br/>''tami'' (formal equal)<br/>''ravi'' (formal inferior)<ref>Given names with the appropriate titles are often used instead of these pronouns.</ref> | |wrd002=''sāmi'' (informal)<br/>''nami'' (formal superior)<br/>''tami'' (formal equal)<br/>''ravi'' (formal inferior)<ref>Given names with the appropriate titles are often used instead of these pronouns.</ref> | ||
|wrd003=no 3rd person pronouns for animate beings. (A combination of) titles, given names, and honorifics are used instead. | |wrd003=no 3rd person pronouns for animate beings. (A combination of) titles, given names, and honorifics are used instead. | ||
|wrd004='' | |wrd004=''yūk'' | ||
|wrd005=''nami'' (informal, sometimes also formal for undefined groups)<br/>''yavyāta'' (formal, undefined groups)<br/>''yakaliyātam'' (formal, defined groups) | |wrd005=''nami'' (informal, sometimes also formal for undefined groups)<br/>''yavyāta'' (formal, undefined groups)<br/>''yakaliyātam'' (formal, defined groups) | ||
|wrd006=(for inanimate beings only:) | |wrd006=(for inanimate beings only:) <small>THING</small>-class demonstratives are used<br/>(for animate beings:) <small>PERSON</small>-class demonstratives are used (rare, may be offensive) | ||
|wrd007=''nenē'' | |wrd007=''nenē'' and other 10 forms with positions specified in space | ||
|wrd008=medial: ''nunū'' | |wrd008=medial: ''nunū'' and other 10 forms<br/>distal: ''nanā'' and other 10 forms | ||
|wrd009=''ejulā'' | |wrd009=''ejulā'' and other 9 forms | ||
|wrd010='' | |wrd010=medial: ''uñjulā'' and other 9 forms<br/>distal: ''āñjulā'' and other 9 forms | ||
|wrd011=''yavita?'' | |wrd011=''yavita?'' | ||
|wrd012='' | |wrd012=''yanū?'' | ||
|wrd013=''yajulā?'' | |wrd013=''yajulā?'' | ||
|wrd014=''yamiya?'' | |wrd014=''yamiya?'' | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
|wrd016=''gu(n) … ša''<ref>''-n'' before vowels. The ''ša'' part of the circumfix is omitted if the verb is used attributively or if the interrogative particle ''dam'' is present.</ref> | |wrd016=''gu(n) … ša''<ref>''-n'' before vowels. The ''ša'' part of the circumfix is omitted if the verb is used attributively or if the interrogative particle ''dam'' is present.</ref> | ||
|wrd017=''yaiva'' | |wrd017=''yaiva'' | ||
|wrd018=''taili'' | |wrd018=''[[Contionary:taili|taili]]'' | ||
|wrd019=''sora'' | |wrd019=''sora'' | ||
|wrd020=''ṣūbha'' | |wrd020=''ṣūbha'' | ||
|wrd021=''viṣam'' | |wrd021=''viṣam'' | ||
|wrd022=''emibe'', ''emi'' | |wrd022=''[[Contionary:emibe|emibe]]'', ''[[Contionary:emibe|emi]]'' | ||
|wrd023=''dani'' | |wrd023=''[[Contionary:dani|dani]]'' | ||
|wrd024=''pāmvi'' | |wrd024=''[[Contionary:pāmvi|pāmvi]]'' | ||
|wrd025=''nęlte'' | |wrd025=''[[Contionary:nęlte|nęlte]]'' | ||
|wrd026=''šulka'' | |wrd026=''[[Contionary:šulka|šulka]]'' | ||
|wrd027=''sūrṣake'' <small>(sūrṣ-, 1)</small> | |wrd027=''sūrṣake'' <small>(sūrṣ-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd028=''mųrmake'' <small>(mųrm-, 1)</small> | |wrd028=''mųrmake'' <small>(mųrm-, 1)</small> | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
|wrd034=''šumbrake'' <small>(2: šimbrire - šumbrirek - ušumbrirā)</small> | |wrd034=''šumbrake'' <small>(2: šimbrire - šumbrirek - ušumbrirā)</small> | ||
|wrd035=''ṭaɂake'' <small>(ṭaɂ-, 1)</small> | |wrd035=''ṭaɂake'' <small>(ṭaɂ-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd036='' | |wrd036=''[[Contionary:hulineh|hulineh]]'' | ||
|wrd037='' | |wrd037=''[[Contionary:ṭarghas|ṭarghas]]'' | ||
|wrd038=''lila'' | |wrd038=''[[Contionary:lila|lila]]'' | ||
|wrd039='' | |wrd039=''[[Contionary:nūrya|nūrya]]'' | ||
|wrd040=''laleichim'', <small>honorific:</small> '' | |wrd040=''laleichim'', <small>honorific:</small> ''ħaiɂlañši'' | ||
|wrd041=''rūdakis'', <small>honorific:</small> ''šulañšoe'' | |wrd041=''rūdakis'', <small>honorific:</small> ''šulañšoe'' | ||
|wrd042=''meinā'', <small>honorific:</small> ''nāḍima'' | |wrd042=''meinā'', <small>honorific:</small> ''nāḍima'' | ||
|wrd043=''bunā'', <small>honorific:</small> ''tāmvāram'' | |wrd043=''bunā'', <small>honorific:</small> ''tāmvāram'' | ||
|wrd044=''švas'' | |wrd044=''[[Contionary:švas|švas]]'' | ||
|wrd045=''daltah'' | |wrd045=''[[Contionary:daltah|daltah]]'' | ||
|wrd046=''gūṇa'' | |wrd046=''[[Contionary:gūṇa|gūṇa]]'' | ||
|wrd047=''thudam'' | |wrd047=''[[Contionary:thudam|thudam]]'' | ||
|wrd048=''ṭaḍhūh'' | |wrd048=''[[Contionary:ṭaḍhūh|ṭaḍhūh]]'' | ||
|wrd049=''māruḍa'' | |wrd049=''[[Contionary:māruḍa|māruḍa]]'' | ||
|wrd050=''tūlum'' | |wrd050=''[[Contionary:tūlum|tūlum]]'' | ||
|wrd051=''jñūm'' | |wrd051=''[[Contionary:jñūm|jñūm]]'' | ||
|wrd052=''nanai'' | |wrd052=''[[Contionary:nanai|nanai]]'' | ||
|wrd053=''daṇḍa'' | |wrd053=''daṇḍa'' | ||
|wrd054=''hælveh'' | |wrd054=''[[Contionary:hælveh|hælveh]]'' | ||
|wrd055=''dūdha'' | |wrd055=''dūdha'' | ||
|wrd056=''nūlya'' | |wrd056=''nūlya'' | ||
| Line 65: | Line 65: | ||
|wrd064=''ūvṛṣam'' | |wrd064=''ūvṛṣam'' | ||
|wrd065=''ḍulṭhīh'' | |wrd065=''ḍulṭhīh'' | ||
|wrd066='' | |wrd066=''ḍåtvāk'' <small>(plurale tantum)</small> | ||
|wrd067=''pomai'' | |wrd067=''pomai'' | ||
|wrd068=''ṭaiɂa'' | |wrd068=''ṭaiɂa'' | ||
|wrd069=''laiṭa'' | |wrd069=''laiṭa'' | ||
|wrd070=''ṭuvilam'' | |wrd070=''ṭuvilam'' | ||
|wrd071='' | |wrd071=''pārāk'' <small>(plurale tantum)</small> | ||
|wrd072=''lāṇṭam'' | |wrd072=''lāṇṭam'' | ||
|wrd073=''minnūlya''; <small>literary:</small> ''mindṛṣūs'' | |wrd073=''minnūlya''; <small>literary:</small> ''mindṛṣūs'' | ||
|wrd074=''mešīn''; <small>literary:</small> ''mešīlgis, nāhim'' | |wrd074=''mešīn''; <small>literary:</small> ''mešīlgis, nāhim'' | ||
|wrd075=''nālkum'' | |wrd075=''nālkum'' | ||
|wrd076='' | |wrd076=''deham'' | ||
|wrd077=''aṣṭras'' | |wrd077=''aṣṭras'' | ||
|wrd078=''jeltā'' | |wrd078=''jeltā'' | ||
|wrd079='' | |wrd079=''damītah''; <small>literary:</small> ''skṝti, parṣūs'' | ||
|wrd080=''junai'' | |wrd080=''junai'' | ||
|wrd081=''pājya''; <small>literary:</small> '' | |wrd081=''pājya''; <small>literary:</small> ''mbiṇḍhṛṣūs'' | ||
|wrd082=''dækṣuh'' | |wrd082=''dækṣuh'' | ||
|wrd083=''dhāna'' | |wrd083=''dhāna'' | ||
|wrd084=''bhugrā'' | |wrd084=''bhugrā'' | ||
|wrd085='' | |wrd085=''palṣis'' | ||
|wrd086=''kāraṇḍhai'' <small>(pl)</small> | |wrd086=''kāraṇḍhai'' <small>(pl)</small> | ||
|wrd087=''avṛcah'' | |wrd087=''avṛcah'' | ||
| Line 92: | Line 92: | ||
|wrd091=''ṭarkas'' | |wrd091=''ṭarkas'' | ||
|wrd092=''mulke'' <small>(2: molē - mulek - umula)</small> | |wrd092=''mulke'' <small>(2: molē - mulek - umula)</small> | ||
|wrd093=''yųlake'' <small>(2: yąlē - yųlek - uyųla)</small> | |wrd093=''[[Contionary:yųlake|yųlake]]'' <small>(2: yąlē - yųlek - uyųla)</small> | ||
|wrd094=''švinake'' <small>(2: švenē - švinek - išvina)</small> | |wrd094=''švinake'' <small>(2: švenē - švinek - išvina)</small> | ||
|wrd095=''mukke'' <small>(2: mokkē - mukkek - umukka)</small> | |wrd095=''mukke'' <small>(2: mokkē - mukkek - umukka)</small> | ||
| Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
|wrd097=''gåtnake'' <small>(gåtn-, 1)</small> | |wrd097=''gåtnake'' <small>(gåtn-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd098=''heimake'' <small>(6: heimē - hamek - ahima)</small> | |wrd098=''heimake'' <small>(6: heimē - hamek - ahima)</small> | ||
|wrd099=''dīvake'' <small>( | |wrd099=''dīvake'' <small>(12<sup>abl</sup>: dēvah - dīvek - idīva)</small> | ||
|wrd100=''huppake'' <small>(2: hoppē - huppek - uhuppa)</small> | |wrd100=''huppake'' <small>(2: hoppē - huppek - uhuppa)</small> | ||
|wrd101=''mišake'' <small>(2: mešē - mišek - imiša)</small> | |wrd101=''mišake'' <small>(2: mešē - mišek - imiša)</small> | ||
| Line 121: | Line 121: | ||
|wrd120=<small>MONO:</small> ''mugdhe'' <small>(2: modhē - mudhek - umudha)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''mordhake'' <small>(mordh-, 1)</small> | |wrd120=<small>MONO:</small> ''mugdhe'' <small>(2: modhē - mudhek - umudha)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''mordhake'' <small>(mordh-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd121=<small>MONO:</small> ''lulke'' <small>(''irr'', redupl. ''ħ'': liven<ref>Irregular present tense: ''lå, lin, liven'' then regular class 2 forms.</ref> - dāmek - elīsa)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''peithake'' <small>(peith-, 1<ref>Contracted past 3SG: ''pat''.</ref>)</small> | |wrd121=<small>MONO:</small> ''lulke'' <small>(''irr'', redupl. ''ħ'': liven<ref>Irregular present tense: ''lå, lin, liven'' then regular class 2 forms.</ref> - dāmek - elīsa)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''peithake'' <small>(peith-, 1<ref>Contracted past 3SG: ''pat''.</ref>)</small> | ||
|wrd122='' | |wrd122=''ū(b)-'' "to X closer" prefix before any motion verb (e.g. ''ūlulke'', ''ūpeithake'', ''ūlįke'', ''ūlærṣake''…)<br/>''ta-'' "to arrive" prefix before any motion verb (e.g. ''talulke'', ''tapeithake'', ''talįke'', ''talærṣake'') | ||
|wrd123=''tokte'' (ta- | |wrd123=''tokte'' <small>(ta-√ut-, 2: tautē, totek, toɂuta)</small><br/>root ''-ut-'' plus any positional prefix. | ||
|wrd124=''tamirte'' (ta- | |wrd124=''tamirte'' <small>(ta-√mirt-, 2: tamertē, tamirtek, temirta)</small><br/>root ''-mirt-'' plus any positional prefix. | ||
|wrd125=''tatyāke'' (ta- | |wrd125=''tatyāke'' <small>(ta-√tyā-, 2 irr: tatimē, tatyāk, taɂatyā)</small><br/>root ''-tyā-'' plus any positional prefix. | ||
|wrd126='' | |wrd126=''næljake'' <small>(8: næljē, noljek, enilja)</small>; exterior forms are transitive, interior ones intransitive. | ||
|wrd127='' | |wrd127=''sturake'' <small>(''irr'': starē, stārau (3SG: ''stāṭ''), ustura)</small> | ||
|wrd128=''męlike'' (męly-) | |wrd128=''męlike'' <small>(męly-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd129='' | |wrd129=''nædhake'' <small>(11: nædhē, nyaudhek, unudha)</small> | ||
|wrd130='' | |wrd130=''curake'' <small>(2: corē, curek, ucura)</small> | ||
|wrd131=''lišvake'' | |wrd131=''lišvake'' <small>(2: lešvē, lišvek, ilišva)</small> | ||
|wrd132=''mutake'' | |wrd132=''mutake'' <small>(2: mitē, mutek, umuta)</small> | ||
|wrd133='' | |wrd133=''bislišvake'' <small>(2: bislešvē, bislišvek, bisilišva)</small> | ||
|wrd134=<small> | |wrd134=<small>MONO:</small> ''khulike'' <small>(2: kholyē, khulik, ukhulya)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''kharlyake'' <small>(kharly-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd135=''norake'' ( | |wrd135=''norake'' <small>(9: norē, neirek, anāra)</small> | ||
|wrd136=''kunake'' | |wrd136=''kunake'' <small>(2: konē, kunek, ukuna)</small> | ||
|wrd137=''chladyake'' (chlady-) | |wrd137=''chladyake'' <small>(chlady-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd138='' | |wrd138=''kællake'' <small>(10: kællē, kyallek, ekīlla)</small> | ||
|wrd139='' | |wrd139=''smoḍake'' <small>(smoḍ-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd140=''kulke'' | |wrd140=''kulke'' <small>(2: kilē - kulek - ukula)</small> | ||
|wrd141=''lijake'' ( | |wrd141=''lijake'' <small>(2: lejē - lijek - ilija)</small> | ||
|wrd142=''ħulde'' ( | |wrd142=''ħulde'' <small>(2: ħildē - ħuldek - uħulda)</small><ref>"To play" for musical instruments is translated differently depending on the instrument: ''tulge'' for percussions, ''ghūmake'' for aerophones, ''prṣake'' for stringed instruments not played with a bow and keyboards, and ''lišvake'' for stringed instruments played with a bow. "To play a melody" is ''sumorake''.</ref> | ||
|wrd143=in the air: <small> | |wrd143=in the air: <small>MONO:</small> ''yåjyake'' <small>(5: yåjyē - ejyek - ayåjya)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''ējrake'' <small>(ējr-, 1)</small>;<br/> on water: <small>MONO:</small> ''uṭake'' <small>(2: oṭē - uṭek - uɂuṭa)</small>; <small>MULTI:</small> ''arṭake'' <small>(arṭ-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd144=''buñjñake'' ( | |wrd144=''buñjñake'' <small>(2: boñjñē - buñjñek - ubuñjña)</small> | ||
|wrd145=''tæḍoljalle'' ( | |wrd145=''tæḍoljalle'' <small>(''irr:'' tæḍolvi - tæḍolnīk - tæḍolri)</small> | ||
|wrd146='' | |wrd146=''åbdvake'' <small>(åbdv-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd147=''hånna'' | |wrd147=''hånna'' | ||
|wrd148=''hulyā'' (the greater of the two Calémerian moons, cf. [[Cerian]] ''Ašeira'')<br/>''tuva'' (the lesser of the two moons, cf. Cerian '' | |wrd148=''hulyā'' (the greater of the two Calémerian moons, cf. [[Cerian]] ''Ašeira'')<br/>''tuva'' (the lesser of the two moons, cf. Cerian ''Dóvato'') | ||
|wrd149=''ñaiṭa'' | |wrd149=''ñaiṭa'' | ||
|wrd150=''maila'' | |wrd150=''[[Contionary:maila|maila]]'' | ||
|wrd151=''daša'' | |wrd151=''daša'' | ||
|wrd152=''maita'' | |wrd152=''[[Contionary:maita|maita]]'' | ||
|wrd153='' | |wrd153=''gūltis'' | ||
|wrd154=''jaryā'' | |wrd154=''jaryā'' | ||
|wrd155='' | |wrd155=''nāṃra'' | ||
|wrd156=''tāmira'' | |wrd156=''tāmira'' | ||
|wrd157=''chlebam'' | |wrd157=''chlebam'' | ||
|wrd158=''paɂeh'' | |wrd158=''paɂeh'' | ||
|wrd159='' | |wrd159=''babhrām'' | ||
|wrd160=''vælvah'' | |wrd160=''vælvah'' | ||
|wrd161=''yāmyah'' | |wrd161=''yāmyah'' | ||
| Line 165: | Line 165: | ||
|wrd164=''kaiṭas'' | |wrd164=''kaiṭas'' | ||
|wrd165=''ḍolam'' | |wrd165=''ḍolam'' | ||
|wrd166='' | |wrd166=''rāṣmas'' | ||
|wrd167=''javyāh'' (good); ''kūrokas'' (bad) | |wrd167=''javyāh'' (good); ''kūrokas'' (bad) | ||
|wrd168=''narmis'' <small>(singular only)</small> | |wrd168=''narmis'' <small>(singular only)</small> | ||
|wrd169='' | |wrd169=''vilphe'' <small>(3: vailphē - vilphek - ivilpha)</small> | ||
|wrd170=''ūnima'' | |wrd170=''ūnima''<br/>''līlta'' (especially unpaved) | ||
|wrd171=''ñaryāh'' | |wrd171=''ñaryāh'' | ||
|wrd172=''ūnika'' (noun) | |wrd172=''ūnika'' (noun), ''ūnikake'' <small>(ūnik-, 1)</small> (verb) | ||
|wrd173=''rādhās'' (noun); ''rādhake'' (rādh-, verb) | |wrd173=''rādhās'' (noun); ''rādhake'' <small>(rādh-, 1)</small> (verb) | ||
|wrd174=pale yellow: ''yulta'' (noun); ''yultake'' (yult-, verb)<br/> golden yellow: ''chlirāma'' (noun); ''chlirāke'' (chlirā-, verb) | |wrd174=pale yellow: ''yulta'' (noun); ''yultake'' <small>(yult-, 1)</small> (verb)<br/> golden yellow: ''chlirāma'' (noun); ''chlirāke'' <small>(chlirā-, 1)</small> (verb) | ||
|wrd175=''pāṇḍa'' (noun); ''pāṇḍake'' (pāṇḍ-, verb) | |wrd175=''pāṇḍa'' (noun); ''pāṇḍake'' <small>(pāṇḍ-, 1)</small> (verb) | ||
|wrd176=''murka'' (noun); ''murkake'' (murk-, verb) | |wrd176=''murka'' (noun); ''murkake'' <small>(murk-, 1)</small> (verb) | ||
|wrd177=''lalyā'' | |wrd177=''lalyā'' | ||
|wrd178='' | |wrd178=''lairē'' (calendar day, or 32 hours)<br/>''hånna'' (daytime) | ||
|wrd179=''heirah'' | |wrd179=''heirah'' | ||
|wrd180=ambient warmth: ''nīlāh'' (n); ''nīlake'' <small>(3: nailire - nīlirek - inīlirā)</small>;<br/>contact warmth: ''ūṣṇyah'' (n); ''ūṣṇike'' <small>(2: oṣṇyire - ūṣṇyirek - uɂūṣṇyirā)</small> | |wrd180=ambient warmth: ''nīlāh'' (n); ''nīlake'' <small>(3: nailire - nīlirek - inīlirā)</small>;<br/>contact warmth: ''ūṣṇyah'' (n); ''ūṣṇike'' <small>(2: oṣṇyire - ūṣṇyirek - uɂūṣṇyirā)</small> | ||
|wrd181=ambient cold: ''jålkhah'' (n); ''jålkhe'' <small>(jålkh-, 1)</small>;<br/>contact cold: ''švyāntas'' (n); ''švyānte'' <small>(švyānt-, 1)</small> | |wrd181=ambient cold: ''jålkhah'' (n); ''jålkhe'' <small>(jålkh-, 1)</small>;<br/>contact cold: ''švyāntas'' (n); ''švyānte'' <small>(švyānt-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd182=''smurake'' ( | |wrd182=''smurake'' <small>(2: smorire - smurirek - usmurirā, interior only)</small> | ||
|wrd183=''lališake'' (lališ-) | |wrd183=''lališake'' <small>(lališ-, 1, interior only)</small> | ||
|wrd184=''gęṇṭake'' <small>(gęṇṭ-, 1) (animate, i.e. old = not young)</small>;<br/>''brūmake'' <small>(brūm-, 1) (inanimate, i.e. old = not new)</small>;<br/>''sārvake'' <small>(sāru-, 1) (ancient, things from very old times)</small> | |wrd184=''gęṇṭake'' <small>(gęṇṭ-, 1) (animate, i.e. old = not young)</small>;<br/>''brūmake'' <small>(brūm-, 1) (inanimate, i.e. old = not new)</small>;<br/>''sārvake'' <small>(sāru-, 1) (ancient, things from very old times)</small> | ||
|wrd185=''hulābdān'' | |wrd185=''hulābdān'' | ||
|wrd186=''garpake'' (garp-) | |wrd186=''garpake'' <small>(garp-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd187=''volgrake'' (volgr-) | |wrd187=''volgrake'' <small>(volgr-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd188=''sījhake'' ( | |wrd188=''sījhake'' <small>(2: sējhire - sījhirek - isījhirā)</small> | ||
|wrd189=''svātrake'' (svātr-) | |wrd189=''svātrake'' <small>(svātr-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd190=''ñęrcake'' (ñęrc-) | |wrd190=''ñęrcake'' <small>(ñęrc-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd191=''lūjlausake'' <small>(lūjl·aus-, 1)</small> | |wrd191=''lūjlausake'' <small>(lūjl·aus-, 1)</small> or ''lūjle'' <small>(lūjl-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd192=''kuṇḍhake'' ( | |wrd192=''kuṇḍhake'' <small>(2: koṇḍhire - kuṇḍhirek - ukuṇḍhirā)</small> | ||
|wrd193=''ninnake'' ( | |wrd193=''ninnake'' <small>(2: nennire - ninnirek - ininnirā)</small> | ||
|wrd194=''tarike'' (tary-) | |wrd194=''tarike'' <small>(tary-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd195=''būṃṣake'' (būṃṣ-) | |wrd195=''būṃṣake'' <small>(būṃṣ-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd196=''svātārṣake'' (svātārṣ-) | |wrd196=''svātārṣake'' <small>(svātārṣ-, 1)</small> | ||
|wrd197='' | |wrd197=''ū(b)-'' (verbal prefix) | ||
|wrd198='' | |wrd198=''bis-'' (verbal prefix) | ||
|wrd199='' | |wrd199=''māha-'' (verbal prefix) | ||
|wrd200='' | |wrd200=''vyā-'' (verbal prefix) | ||
|wrd201=''ta-'', '' | |wrd201=''ta-'', ''ū(b)-'' (verbal prefixes) | ||
|wrd202=plain locative case; ''na(ñ)-'', '' | |wrd202=plain locative case; ''na(ñ)-'', ''gin-'' (verbal prefixes) | ||
|wrd203=''lā'' (+ essive) (comitative); instrumental case (instrumental) | |wrd203=''lā'' (+ essive) (comitative); instrumental case (instrumental) | ||
|wrd204=''no'' (complete list; also between related sentences), ''las'' (incomplete list) ''sama'' (between sentences only) | |wrd204=''no'' (complete list; also between related sentences), ''las'' (incomplete list) ''sama'' (between sentences only) | ||
|wrd205= | |wrd205=''pū'' | ||
|wrd206=''tī''; ''menni''; consequential secondary moods | |wrd206=''tī''; ''menni''; consequential secondary moods | ||
|wrd207=''haloe'' | |wrd207=''haloe'' | ||
Latest revision as of 13:16, 2 September 2021
| Part of a series on |
| Chlouvānem |
|---|
 |
| Setting |
| Grammar |
| Culture |
| More |
| No. | English | Chlouvānem |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | lili |
| 2 | you (singular) | sāmi (informal) nami (formal superior) tami (formal equal) ravi (formal inferior)[1] |
| 3 | he | no 3rd person pronouns for animate beings. (A combination of) titles, given names, and honorifics are used instead. |
| 4 | we | yūk |
| 5 | you (plural) | nami (informal, sometimes also formal for undefined groups) yavyāta (formal, undefined groups) yakaliyātam (formal, defined groups) |
| 6 | they | (for inanimate beings only:) THING-class demonstratives are used (for animate beings:) PERSON-class demonstratives are used (rare, may be offensive) |
| 7 | this | nenē and other 10 forms with positions specified in space |
| 8 | that | medial: nunū and other 10 forms distal: nanā and other 10 forms |
| 9 | here | ejulā and other 9 forms |
| 10 | there | medial: uñjulā and other 9 forms distal: āñjulā and other 9 forms |
| 11 | who | yavita? |
| 12 | what | yanū? |
| 13 | where | yajulā? |
| 14 | when | yamiya? |
| 15 | how | yalīce? |
| 16 | not | gu(n) … ša[2] |
| 17 | all | yaiva |
| 18 | many | taili |
| 19 | some | sora |
| 20 | few | ṣūbha |
| 21 | other | viṣam |
| 22 | one | emibe, emi |
| 23 | two | dani |
| 24 | three | pāmvi |
| 25 | four | nęlte |
| 26 | five | šulka |
| 27 | big | sūrṣake (sūrṣ-, 1) |
| 28 | long | mųrmake (mųrm-, 1) |
| 29 | wide | švadhake (švadh-, 1) |
| 30 | thick | ḍirake (2: ḍerire - ḍirirek - iḍirirā) |
| 31 | heavy | ūṭṇake (ūṭṇ-, 1) |
| 32 | small | ñikake (2: ñekire - ñikirek - iñikirā) |
| 33 | short | chītake (2: chētire - chītirek - ichītirā) |
| 34 | narrow | šumbrake (2: šimbrire - šumbrirek - ušumbrirā) |
| 35 | thin | ṭaɂake (ṭaɂ-, 1) |
| 36 | woman | hulineh |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ṭarghas |
| 38 | man (human being) | lila |
| 39 | child | nūrya |
| 40 | wife | laleichim, honorific: ħaiɂlañši |
| 41 | husband | rūdakis, honorific: šulañšoe |
| 42 | mother | meinā, honorific: nāḍima |
| 43 | father | bunā, honorific: tāmvāram |
| 44 | animal | švas |
| 45 | fish | daltah |
| 46 | bird | gūṇa |
| 47 | dog | thudam |
| 48 | louse | ṭaḍhūh |
| 49 | snake | māruḍa |
| 50 | worm | tūlum |
| 51 | tree | jñūm |
| 52 | forest | nanai |
| 53 | stick | daṇḍa |
| 54 | fruit | hælveh |
| 55 | seed | dūdha |
| 56 | leaf | nūlya |
| 57 | root | lǣca |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ṇīṭah |
| 59 | flower | junyā |
| 60 | grass | humai |
| 61 | rope | pąnna |
| 62 | skin | ṇīṭah |
| 63 | meat | mædhram |
| 64 | blood | ūvṛṣam |
| 65 | bone | ḍulṭhīh |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ḍåtvāk (plurale tantum) |
| 67 | egg | pomai |
| 68 | horn | ṭaiɂa |
| 69 | tail | laiṭa |
| 70 | feather | ṭuvilam |
| 71 | hair | pārāk (plurale tantum) |
| 72 | head | lāṇṭam |
| 73 | ear | minnūlya; literary: mindṛṣūs |
| 74 | eye | mešīn; literary: mešīlgis, nāhim |
| 75 | nose | nālkum |
| 76 | mouth | deham |
| 77 | tooth | aṣṭras |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | jeltā |
| 79 | fingernail | damītah; literary: skṝti, parṣūs |
| 80 | foot | junai |
| 81 | leg | pājya; literary: mbiṇḍhṛṣūs |
| 82 | knee | dækṣuh |
| 83 | hand | dhāna |
| 84 | wing | bhugrā |
| 85 | belly | palṣis |
| 86 | guts | kāraṇḍhai (pl) |
| 87 | neck | avṛcah |
| 88 | back | joraṇa |
| 89 | breast | maula |
| 90 | heart | taugikā; togīn |
| 91 | liver | ṭarkas |
| 92 | to drink | mulke (2: molē - mulek - umula) |
| 93 | to eat | yųlake (2: yąlē - yųlek - uyųla) |
| 94 | to bite | švinake (2: švenē - švinek - išvina) |
| 95 | to suck | mukke (2: mokkē - mukkek - umukka) |
| 96 | to spit | ette (et-, 1) |
| 97 | to vomit | gåtnake (gåtn-, 1) |
| 98 | to blow | heimake (6: heimē - hamek - ahima) |
| 99 | to breathe | dīvake (12abl: dēvah - dīvek - idīva) |
| 100 | to laugh | huppake (2: hoppē - huppek - uhuppa) |
| 101 | to see | mišake (2: mešē - mišek - imiša) |
| 102 | to hear | milge (√mind-, 11a: mendah - mindek - iminda) |
| 103 | to know | tṛlake (2: tarlirē - tṛlirek - atṛlirā) |
| 104 | to think | nilyake (11abl: nelyęre - nilyirek - inilyirā) |
| 105 | to smell | ṣurgake (2: ṣirgē - ṣurgek - uṣurga) |
| 106 | to fear | tvorgake (tvorg-, 1, interior only) |
| 107 | to sleep | pudbhe (2: podbhē - pudbhek - upudbha) |
| 108 | to live | lilke (11: lilah - lilek - ilila) |
| 109 | to die | ḍūkke (11: ḍūkęre - ḍūkirek - uḍūkirā) |
| 110 | to kill | kaudṛke (irr: kaudarē - kaudṛk - kaudadrā) or causative forms of ḍūkke |
| 111 | to fight | huṃħake (2: hiṃħē - huṃħek - uhuṃħa) |
| 112 | to hunt | pudhake (2: podhē - pudhek - upudha) |
| 113 | to hit | tulge (2: togē - tugek - utuga) |
| 114 | to cut | guṃsake (2: goṃsē - guṃsek - uguṃsa) |
| 115 | to split | mirɂake (2: merɂē - mirɂek - imirɂa) |
| 116 | to stab | ikhlake (2: ekhlē - ikhlek - īkhla) |
| 117 | to scratch | prubake (3: praubē - prubek - upruba) |
| 118 | to dig | lauṣpe (lauṣp-, 1, redupl. ħ) |
| 119 | to swim | MONO: lįke (2irr[3]: lehē - lihek - iliha); MULTI: lærṣake (lærṣ-, 1) |
| 120 | to fly | MONO: mugdhe (2: modhē - mudhek - umudha); MULTI: mordhake (mordh-, 1) |
| 121 | to walk | MONO: lulke (irr, redupl. ħ: liven[4] - dāmek - elīsa); MULTI: peithake (peith-, 1[5]) |
| 122 | to come | ū(b)- "to X closer" prefix before any motion verb (e.g. ūlulke, ūpeithake, ūlįke, ūlærṣake…) ta- "to arrive" prefix before any motion verb (e.g. talulke, tapeithake, talįke, talærṣake) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | tokte (ta-√ut-, 2: tautē, totek, toɂuta) root -ut- plus any positional prefix. |
| 124 | to sit | tamirte (ta-√mirt-, 2: tamertē, tamirtek, temirta) root -mirt- plus any positional prefix. |
| 125 | to stand | tatyāke (ta-√tyā-, 2 irr: tatimē, tatyāk, taɂatyā) root -tyā- plus any positional prefix. |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | næljake (8: næljē, noljek, enilja); exterior forms are transitive, interior ones intransitive. |
| 127 | to fall | sturake (irr: starē, stārau (3SG: stāṭ), ustura) |
| 128 | to give | męlike (męly-, 1) |
| 129 | to hold | nædhake (11: nædhē, nyaudhek, unudha) |
| 130 | to squeeze | curake (2: corē, curek, ucura) |
| 131 | to rub | lišvake (2: lešvē, lišvek, ilišva) |
| 132 | to wash | mutake (2: mitē, mutek, umuta) |
| 133 | to wipe | bislišvake (2: bislešvē, bislišvek, bisilišva) |
| 134 | to pull | MONO: khulike (2: kholyē, khulik, ukhulya); MULTI: kharlyake (kharly-, 1) |
| 135 | to push | norake (9: norē, neirek, anāra) |
| 136 | to throw | kunake (2: konē, kunek, ukuna) |
| 137 | to tie | chladyake (chlady-, 1) |
| 138 | to sew | kællake (10: kællē, kyallek, ekīlla) |
| 139 | to count | smoḍake (smoḍ-, 1) |
| 140 | to say | kulke (2: kilē - kulek - ukula) |
| 141 | to sing | lijake (2: lejē - lijek - ilija) |
| 142 | to play | ħulde (2: ħildē - ħuldek - uħulda)[6] |
| 143 | to float | in the air: MONO: yåjyake (5: yåjyē - ejyek - ayåjya); MULTI: ējrake (ējr-, 1); on water: MONO: uṭake (2: oṭē - uṭek - uɂuṭa); MULTI: arṭake (arṭ-, 1) |
| 144 | to flow | buñjñake (2: boñjñē - buñjñek - ubuñjña) |
| 145 | to freeze | tæḍoljalle (irr: tæḍolvi - tæḍolnīk - tæḍolri) |
| 146 | to swell | åbdvake (åbdv-, 1) |
| 147 | sun | hånna |
| 148 | moon | hulyā (the greater of the two Calémerian moons, cf. Cerian Ašeira) tuva (the lesser of the two moons, cf. Cerian Dóvato) |
| 149 | star | ñaiṭa |
| 150 | water | maila |
| 151 | rain | daša |
| 152 | river | maita |
| 153 | lake | gūltis |
| 154 | sea | jaryā |
| 155 | salt | nāṃra |
| 156 | stone | tāmira |
| 157 | sand | chlebam |
| 158 | dust | paɂeh |
| 159 | earth | babhrām |
| 160 | cloud | vælvah |
| 161 | fog | yāmyah |
| 162 | sky | lairē |
| 163 | wind | prātas |
| 164 | snow | kaiṭas |
| 165 | ice | ḍolam |
| 166 | smoke | rāṣmas |
| 167 | fire | javyāh (good); kūrokas (bad) |
| 168 | ash | narmis (singular only) |
| 169 | to burn | vilphe (3: vailphē - vilphek - ivilpha) |
| 170 | road | ūnima līlta (especially unpaved) |
| 171 | mountain | ñaryāh |
| 172 | red | ūnika (noun), ūnikake (ūnik-, 1) (verb) |
| 173 | green | rādhās (noun); rādhake (rādh-, 1) (verb) |
| 174 | yellow | pale yellow: yulta (noun); yultake (yult-, 1) (verb) golden yellow: chlirāma (noun); chlirāke (chlirā-, 1) (verb) |
| 175 | white | pāṇḍa (noun); pāṇḍake (pāṇḍ-, 1) (verb) |
| 176 | black | murka (noun); murkake (murk-, 1) (verb) |
| 177 | night | lalyā |
| 178 | day | lairē (calendar day, or 32 hours) hånna (daytime) |
| 179 | year | heirah |
| 180 | warm | ambient warmth: nīlāh (n); nīlake (3: nailire - nīlirek - inīlirā); contact warmth: ūṣṇyah (n); ūṣṇike (2: oṣṇyire - ūṣṇyirek - uɂūṣṇyirā) |
| 181 | cold | ambient cold: jålkhah (n); jålkhe (jålkh-, 1); contact cold: švyāntas (n); švyānte (švyānt-, 1) |
| 182 | full | smurake (2: smorire - smurirek - usmurirā, interior only) |
| 183 | new | lališake (lališ-, 1, interior only) |
| 184 | old | gęṇṭake (gęṇṭ-, 1) (animate, i.e. old = not young); brūmake (brūm-, 1) (inanimate, i.e. old = not new); sārvake (sāru-, 1) (ancient, things from very old times) |
| 185 | good | hulābdān |
| 186 | bad | garpake (garp-, 1) |
| 187 | rotten | volgrake (volgr-, 1) |
| 188 | dirty | sījhake (2: sējhire - sījhirek - isījhirā) |
| 189 | straight | svātrake (svātr-, 1) |
| 190 | round | ñęrcake (ñęrc-, 1) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | lūjlausake (lūjl·aus-, 1) or lūjle (lūjl-, 1) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | kuṇḍhake (2: koṇḍhire - kuṇḍhirek - ukuṇḍhirā) |
| 193 | smooth | ninnake (2: nennire - ninnirek - ininnirā) |
| 194 | wet | tarike (tary-, 1) |
| 195 | dry | būṃṣake (būṃṣ-, 1) |
| 196 | correct | svātārṣake (svātārṣ-, 1) |
| 197 | near | ū(b)- (verbal prefix) |
| 198 | far | bis- (verbal prefix) |
| 199 | right | māha- (verbal prefix) |
| 200 | left | vyā- (verbal prefix) |
| 201 | at | ta-, ū(b)- (verbal prefixes) |
| 202 | in | plain locative case; na(ñ)-, gin- (verbal prefixes) |
| 203 | with | lā (+ essive) (comitative); instrumental case (instrumental) |
| 204 | and | no (complete list; also between related sentences), las (incomplete list) sama (between sentences only) |
| 205 | if | pū |
| 206 | because | tī; menni; consequential secondary moods |
| 207 | name | haloe |
Notes
- ^ Given names with the appropriate titles are often used instead of these pronouns.
- ^ -n before vowels. The ša part of the circumfix is omitted if the verb is used attributively or if the interrogative particle dam is present.
- ^ Behaves as lis- before consonants.
- ^ Irregular present tense: lå, lin, liven then regular class 2 forms.
- ^ Contracted past 3SG: pat.
- ^ "To play" for musical instruments is translated differently depending on the instrument: tulge for percussions, ghūmake for aerophones, prṣake for stringed instruments not played with a bow and keyboards, and lišvake for stringed instruments played with a bow. "To play a melody" is sumorake.