Chlouvānem/Phonology: Difference between revisions

: ''mailtvąa'' {{IPA|/maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋäɦä/}} "waters", stem ''mailtvą~mailtvah-'', ergative case ''mailtvahei'' {{IPA|/maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋäɦeɪ̯/}}, exessive case ''mailtvąt'' {{IPA|/maɪ̯ɴ̆tʋɑ̤t/}}

When word-final (an occurrence which is limited to borrowed proper nouns, the accusatives of dual pronouns, the dative of cardinal numerals, and some Eastern toponyms), it is realized as [oː] virtually everywhere:

: ''emibå'' "one" (<small>DAT.</small>) {{IPA|/emibɔ/}} – Std., Līl., Cam., Hln. {{IPA|[emiboː]}}

: ''ilo'' "us two" {{IPA|/iɴ̆ɔ/}} – Std., Līl., Cam., Hln. {{IPA|[iɴ̆oː]}}

: ''lilvan'' "sash, belt" {{IPA|/ɴ̆iɴ̆ʋän/}} {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆ʋɑ̃]}}

: ''hulin'' "woman" {{IPA|/ɦuɴ̆in/}} {{IPA|[ɦuɴ̆ĩŋ]}}

* ''dehāṃlūdvūkas'' – palatal consonant

* ''šuhærṣūlaukas'' — lower lip (for labials)

The laryngeal nasal only surfaces as such before laryngeals (and not in the Southern Jade Coast); otherwise - and only analyzed as such before /d dʱ s ʂ ɕ/}}, where it contrasts with homorganic nasals - it produces nasalized vowels, as detained in the section above.

: ''ṭūmma'' "eparchy" {{IPA|/ʈuːmmä/}} – Std., Hiy., Cam. {{IPA|[ʈuːmmä]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[ʈuːmmɐ]}}

 

In nearly every pronunciation, excluding only Southern ones, a non-phonemic {{IPA|[Ɂ]}} is inserted at the beginning of every vowel-initial word<ref>Note that this glottal stop is in some way represented in the Chlouvānem script, as it lacks independent characters for vowels and therefore initial vowels are represented with the consonant letter for '''ɂ''' and the diacritic for that vowel. This is omitted in the romanization.</ref> except in fast speech:

: ''ogin'' "bee" {{IPA|/ɔɡin/}} – Std., Līl., Cam. {{IPA|[Ɂɔɡĩŋ]}}, Hln. {{IPA|[ɔɡĩŋ]}}

: ''arpas'' "raspberry" {{IPA|/Ɂäʀpäs/}} – Std. {{IPA|[Ɂäɐ̯päs]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[Ɂɐˤpɐs]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[Ɂɑɐ̯päs]}}, Hln. {{IPA|[äɐ̯päs]}},

: ''bhešā'' "drop [of water or other liquids]" {{IPA|/bʱeɕäː/}} – Std., Hiy., Cam. {{IPA|[bʱeɕäː]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[bʱeɕɑː]}}

: ''dehām'' "mouth" {{IPA|/deɦäːm/}} – Std., Līl., Hiy., Cam. {{IPA|[deɦãːm]}}

: ''naviṣya'' "book" {{IPA|/näʋiʂjä/}} – Std., Cam. {{IPA|[näʋiʂjä]}}, Līl., Lṭh. {{IPA|[nɐʋiʂːɐ]}}

:: cf. the attestation of this word (from Proto-Lahob *pʰɨʕəd-ke) in the pre-Classical Lūlunīkami dialect, ''fülde'' {{IPA|/ɸyɴ̆de/}}<ref>The /y/ phoneme in the Lūlunīkami dialect is the result of a different development of Proto-Lahob *ɨ, unrelated to this example (see the section on rounded vowels above for more).</ref>.

{{IPA|/ɦ/}} following one of {{IPA|/ɴ̆ ʀ/}} may be realized as {{IPA|[ɦ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}}, or aspiration depending on the area. The {{IPA|/ʀɦ/}} cluster is realized as {{IPA|[ʀɦ]}} nearly everywhere and as {{IPA|[ʀx]}} only in parts of the Southern Far East (mainly along the coast from Līlikanāna to Ehaliħombu); {{IPA|[ʀʱ]}} is found almost exclusively around Līṭhalyinām. For the {{IPA|/ɴ̆ɦ/}} cluster, however, the aspirated realization {{IPA|[ɴ̆ʱ]}} is much more common, extending all along the coast south to Lūlunimarta and north to Līlta, and inland to Lūkṣṇyaḍāra, therefore including virtually all of the Jade Coast. A realization closer to {{IPA|[ɴ̆x~ɴ̆χ]}} is however the norm in most of the Chlouvānem-speaking world.

{{IPA|/ʋ/}} has a number of different allophones - {{IPA|[ʋ v w ʊ̯ f ɸ β]}} being the most common ones - whose presence varies regionally; in some pronunciations, the {{IPA|[ʋ]}} allophone is not even present. In Standard Chlouvānem, it is {{IPA|[ʋ]}} all the time except when in an onset and preceding another consonant, where it is realized as {{IPA|[v]}}. This contextual allophone is present in virtually every pronunciation, except for Southern ones, where it is realized in this context as {{IPA|[w]}}, often followed by an extra-short {{IPA|[ŭ]}} vowel, except for the {{IPA|/ʋʀ/}} cluster in Kælšamīṇṭa and neighboring areas, which is realized as {{IPA|[ɻ]}}. In the onset, most of the Chlouvānem-speaking world has the same pattern as the Standard, but the Near and Far East use the {{IPA|[v]}} allophone when preceded by a consonant in the same syllable; the inland Jade Coast (but only sporadically in Līlasuṃghāṇa, where it is typical of young people), meanwhile, uses the {{IPA|[w]}} allophone when intervocalic. The {{IPA|[ʋ]}} allophone is absent in the parts of the Southern Far East (including, notably, Līlekhaitē), which use {{IPA|[v]}} when adjacent to a consonant and {{IPA|[w]}} otherwise. Initial {{IPA|/ʋː/}} is always {{IPA|/vː/}}, except for the South, which has {{IPA|[wu-]}} Coda {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is realized differently across the Chlouvānem world: while it is, for most people, an approximant, as in the Standard, in the Jade Coast and parts of the lower Plain (but not the Nīmbaṇḍhāra delta) it forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel, meaning that the {{IPA|/äʋ/}} sequence merges with {{IPA|/äʊ̯/}}. In the Far East, it is realized as a fricative agreeing in voicing with the following consonant, and also in PoA if it is labial.<br/>The {{IPA|/aɪ̯ʋ/}} sequence, before another consonant, is commonly realized as {{IPA|[aju]}} in those pronunciations where {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is not fricativized in codas.<br/>{{IPA|/j/}}, meanwhile, is consistently realized as {{IPA|[j]}} in the whole Chlouvānem-speaking world.

: ''yaivcārṇædani'' "communism" {{IPA|/jäɪ̯ʋc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni/}} – Std. {{IPA|[jäɪ̯vc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni]}}, Līl., Ilē. {{IPA|[jɐjuc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdɐni]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[jäɪ̯fc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni]}}

: ''leiktas'' "surprise" {{IPA|[ɴ̆e˥ɪ̯˦ktä˧s]}}

: ''snīrṣmas'' "blanket" {{IPA|sniː˥ʀ˥ʂma˧s]}}

The maximum possible syllable structure is vC₁C₂C₃–y–V–C₄

The onset may contain up to three consonants: '''C₃''' is notated differently because phonetically there always is one, as phonemically vowel-initial syllables are always pronounced with a preceding {{IPA|[ʔ]}}. Any consonant bar {{IPA|/ɴ/}} can appear in this position; '''C₂''' can be any other consonant except aspirated or breathy-voiced stops (with a single exception) or {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, but, if C₃ is a stop, no stop can be in this position. If C₃ is {{IPA|/ɴ̆/}} , then C₂ may be {{IPA|/c͡ɕʰ/}}. C₁ may be a sibilant, {{IPA|/ʋ/}}, or a nasal agreeing in PoA with the following consonant. Note that '''ss-''' and '''vv-''' are both valid onsets under these rules.<br/>See the following section on ''Clusters'' for the list of all possible clusters.

In codas, '''C₄''' may be may be any consonant except aspirated or breathy-voiced stops. In absolute word-final position, only C₄ is possible, and the only possible consonants are {{IPA|/m n p t ʈ k s ħ ʡ ɴ̆/}}.<br/>Interjections are an exception, as some other consonants are found there, e.g. ''hār!'' "ouch!" {{IPA|[ɦaːɐ̯] /ɦaːʀ/}}.

Chlouvānem allows a large number of initial clusters, listed here (using the orthographical representations). Note that any single consonant except for '''ṇ''' '''ñ''' '''ɂ''' '''h''' '''ħ''' '''y''' and any cluster given here (except for ''rh-'' and ''lh-'') may be furthermore followed by '''-y-''' (i.e. up to five consonants may appear in an initial cluster like ''vṣpry-''):

* ''mb- mbr- mbl- mbh- mr- ml-''

* ''ts- tv- tr-''

* ''kṣ- kv- kr- kl-''

* ''gv- gr- gl-''

* ''sm- smr- sml- sn- sp- spr- spl- sph- st- sts- stv- str- sth- sk- skv- skr- skl- skh- sɂ- ss- sv- svr- svl- sr- sl-''

* ''ṣm- ṣmr- ṣml- ṣṇ- ṣp- ṣpr- ṣpl- ṣph- ṣṭ- ṣṭv- ṣṭr- ṣṭh- ṣk- ṣkv- ṣkr- ṣkl- ṣkh- ṣɂ- ṣv- ṣvr- ṣvl- ṣr- ṣl-''

* ''šm- šñ- šp- špr- špl- šph- št- štv- štr- šth- šc- šch- šk- škv- škr- škl- škh- šv- švr- švl- šr- šl-''

* ''vt- vtr- vth- vj- vjr- vjl- vjh- vk- vkr- vkl- vkh- vs- vsp- vspr- vspl- vsph- vst- vstv- vstr- vsth- vsk- vskr- vskl- vskh- vsɂ- vsr- vṣ- vṣp- vṣpr- vṣpl- vṣph- vṣṭ- vṣṭr- vṣṭh- vṣk- vṣkr- vṣkl- vṣkh- vṣɂ- vṣr- vš- všr- vv- vvl- vr- vl-''

* ''rh-''

* ''lt- lth- lɂ- ld- ldh- lg- lgh- lv- lh- ll-''

Furthermore, the clusters ''mp- mph- nt- nth- lk- lkh-'' are found in some Eastern Dabuke words, especially regionally widespread in the Western parts of the Inquisition.