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|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = Θėgammī́θ
|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
|region =  
|region =  
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|familycolor=afroasiatic
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[North Semitic]] (Togarmo-Canaanite)
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Northwest Semitic
}}
}}




'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θėgammī́θ'' /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėgamiþ ȝyþik'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of the religion [[Verse:Lõis/Θāħīdaθ an Hawūθ|Θāħī́daθ an Hawū́θ]] in Lõis's Eastern Europe.
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
 
==Todo==
 
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''p t c k ʔ ''' /p t ts k ʔ/
*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
*'''b d g''' /b d g/
*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ χ h/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''w l r j''' /lw  r j/
*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of a lot of analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.


Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog ''yismā́ȝū'' /jɪsˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').


==Inflection==
==Inflection==
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====Independent====
====Independent====
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθe'' (f)
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*1pl: ''náħnė''
*1pl: ''náħnė''
*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
====Object====
====Object====
*1sg: ''-nī''
*1sg: ''-nī''
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*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)
*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)


Object pronouns immediately follow the verb and are written with a hyphen in native script: for example, ''gaddḗl-nī'' 'he made me great'.
Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'


====Inflected prepositions====
====Inflected prepositions====
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Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:
Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:


singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθuh, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''


plural: ''bėθā́y, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyu, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''


====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
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|-
|-
! def.
! def.
| ''an yáwm an tė́b''
| ''an yawm an tė́b''
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:  
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:  
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
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Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
*past: past action
*perfect: like the English perfect
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
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Semantics: basic action
Semantics: basic action


In the ''φaȝāl'' binyan, the ''ya-, θa-, ʔa-, na-'' in the prefix conjugation become ''yi-, θi-, ʔi-, ni-'' when the verb stem has an ''ā/a'': ''yaktṓb'' 'he will write', but ''yismā́ȝ'' 'he will hear'.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''χaθábθī''
| ''χaθábθ''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθábθe''
| ''χaθábθi''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
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| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθábna''
| ''χaθábna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waχaθábθī''
| ''waχaθábθa''
| ''waχaθábθe''
| ''waχaθā́b''
| ''waχaθā́baθ''
| ''waχaθábnė''
| ''waχaθábθum''
| ''waχaθábθin''
| ''waχaθā́bū''
| ''waχaθábna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθū́b''
|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
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|}
|}


Example: ''hamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'
Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'


====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nugdálθī''
| ''nugdálθ''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdálθe''
| ''nugdálθi''
| ''nugdā́l''
| ''nugdā́l''
| ''nugdā́laθ''
| ''nugdā́laθ''
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| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdálna''
| ''nugdálna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wanugdálθī''
| ''wanugdálθa''
| ''wanugdálθe''
| ''wanugdā́l''
| ''wanugdā́laθ''
| ''wanugdálnė''
| ''wanugdálθum''
| ''wanugdálθin''
| ''wanugdā́lū''
| ''wanugdálna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''šayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''š(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žaχχírθī''
| ''žaχχírθ''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχírθe''
| ''žaχχírθi''
| ''žaχχḗr''
| ''žaχχḗr''
| ''žaχχḗraθ''
| ''žaχχḗraθ''
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| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχírna''
| ''žaχχírna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažaχχírθī''
| ''wažaχχírθa''
| ''wažaχχírθe''
| ''wažaχχḗr''
| ''wažaχχḗraθ''
| ''wažaχχírnė''
| ''wažaχχírθum''
| ''wažaχχírθin''
| ''wažaχχḗrū''
| ''wažaχχírna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žuχχárθī''
| ''žuχχárθ''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχárθe''
| ''žuχχárθi''
| ''žuχχā́r''
| ''žuχχā́r''
| ''žuχχā́raθ''
| ''žuχχā́raθ''
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| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχárna''
| ''žuχχárna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažuχχárθī''
| ''wažuχχárθa''
| ''wažuχχárθi''
| ''wažuχχā́r''
| ''wažuχχā́raθ''
| ''wažuχχárnė''
| ''wažuχχárθum''
| ''wažuχχárθin''
| ''wažuχχā́rū''
| ''wažuχχárna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hakdísθī''
| ''hakdísθ''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdísθe''
| ''hakdísθi''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
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| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdísna''
| ''hakdísna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wakdísθī''
| ''wakdísθa''
| ''wakdísθe''
| ''wakdḗs''
| ''wakdḗsaθ''
| ''wakdísnė''
| ''wakdísθum''
| ''wakdísθin''
| ''wakdḗsū''
| ''wakdísna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hukdásθī''
| ''hukdásθ''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdásθe''
| ''hukdásθi''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
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| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdásna''
| ''hukdásna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wukdásθī''
| ''wukdásθa''
| ''wukdásθe''
| ''wukdā́s''
| ''wukdā́saθ''
| ''wukdásnė''
| ''wukdásθum''
| ''wukdásθin''
| ''wukdā́sū''
| ''wukdásna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state


Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd''.
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''heθlaħámθī''
| ''heθlaħámθ''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθe''
| ''heθlaħámθi''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
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| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħámna''
| ''heθlaħámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''weθlaħámθī''
| ''weθlaħámθa''
| ''weθlaħámθe''
| ''weθlaħā́m''
| ''weθlaħā́maθ''
| ''weθlaħámnė''
| ''weθlaħámθum''
| ''weθlaħámθin''
| ''weθlaħā́mū''
| ''weθlaħámna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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|}
|}


====Binyan 5: ''niφθuȝāl''====
====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive or change of state
Semantics: reflexive or change of state


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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''niθluħámθī''
| ''niθluħámθ''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθe''
| ''niθluħámθi''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
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| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħámna''
| ''niθluħámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waniθluħámθī''
| ''waniθluħámθa''
| ''waniθluħámθe''
| ''waniθluħā́m''
| ''waniθluħā́maθ''
| ''waniθluħámnė''
| ''waniθluħámθum''
| ''waniθluħámθin''
| ''waniθluħā́mū''
| ''waniθluħámna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'




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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastatȝímθī''
| ''hastatȝímθ''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastatȝímθe''
| ''hastatȝímθi''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
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| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastatȝímna''
| ''wastatȝímna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔastatėȝḗm''
| ''θastatėȝḗm''
| ''θastatėȝḗmī''
| ''yastatėȝḗm''
| ''yastatėȝḗmī''
| ''nastatėȝḗm''
| ''θastatėȝḗmū''
| ''θastatėȝímna''
| ''yastatėȝḗmū''
| ''yastatėȝímna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastutȝámθī''
| ''hastutȝámθ''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝámθe''
| ''hastutȝámθi''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
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| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝā́mė''
| ''hastutȝámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wastutȝámθī''
| ''wastutȝámθa''
| ''wastutȝámθi''
| ''wastutȝā́m''
| ''wastutȝā́maθ''
| ''wastutȝámnė''
| ''wastutȝámθum''
| ''wastutȝámθin''
| ''wastutȝā́mū''
| ''wastutȝā́mė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are maredd with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
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# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. šamė́nīθ, f. šamė́ni
# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
===Schleicher===
''An xabš wan φarasīn''
''An χabše wan φarasīn''


''Χabše, žī law lė hawė šamre, φarasīn raʔė:''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''


yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
IlL
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